Geraldo Stuns CNN Audience With His Comments On Pete Hegseth [WATCH]

from State Of The Nation: PSYOP OR BLACK OP, CLUSTERFUCK OR MINDFUCK, OR ALL FOUR? Except that’s exactly what the perps did—THEY MADE UP THE WHOLE EFFIN’ “LUIGI MANGIONE” STORY! First, take a close look at the 2 photographs above. Yes, that’s right, you’re supposed to be looking at the same person … … … […]

  Huey Newton was the youngest of seven children, born to a Baptist minister on February 17, 1942, in Monroe, Louisiana. The Newton family eventually moved to Oakland, California where Newton, alongside Bobby Seale, would later establish the Black Panther Party in 1966. Although Newton played an important role in improving black lives, his life was not without controversy.   How Was Huey Newton Shaped by His Formative Years? Huey Newton as a senior in High School. Source: Wikimedia Commons   Newton’s youth was shaped by urban unrest, police brutality, repression and an education system that failed black students. Upon moving to Oakland, he did become involved in committing crimes like dislodging coins from parking meters and later in 1964 he was convicted of assault with a deadly weapon serving 8 months in jail.   In high school, Newton realized that he was functionally illiterate, a struggle he traced back to white teachers. However, his older brother was a good student, and Huey borrowed his copy of Plato’s The Republic and worked hard to improve his reading skills. [1] Newton would even go on to publish his own book, Revolutionary Suicide, in 1973.   While in Junior High School, Huey Newton and a classmate set up a gang called the Brotherhood to challenge racism at school. Although Newtons early years in school were difficult, he graduated from Oakland Technical High School in 1959.   Newton continued his studies at Merritt College in Oakland- during this time he met Bobby Seale with whom he would later set up the Black Panther Party. They both joined the local Afro-American Association where they read books by the likes of W.E.B. Du Bois and James Baldwin and began to look closer at the community and the problems they faced.   What Was the Black Panther Party? A group of Black Panther Party members stand against a wall that reads “The Ultimate Justice of the People”. Source: BBC   The Black Panther Party was initially set up in response to police brutality in African American neighborhoods, but it soon expanded its work and was active across the US between 1966 and 1982. The party was known for its use of self-defense, violent rhetoric and for its hyper-masculine image and lesser known for its work to improve black lives through community work.   Newton and Seale wanted to maximize the potential, and improve, the lives of black communities and knew that to do this there needed to be real change and improvement in a number of areas. [2] To facilitate this, the party was organized around a Ten Point Program which outlined areas requiring change such as an end to police brutality, decent housing and full employment. [3] To implement changes, the party established 65 social programs between 1966 and 1982, including a Free Breakfast for Children Program.   The party educated and empowered black communities across America and made real change, but it was also marked by controversy (both personal and political) and violence during its existence.   What Controversy Did Newton Face? Newspaper discussing a trial of Newtons. Source: Wikimedia Commons   Although Newton contributed a lot to improve black lives, his life was not without controversy, and he was often in and out of jail or having run-ins with the law. Members of the Black Panther Party were involved in several shoot-outs with the police- over a six-year period 24 members had been killed during gun fights. On 28th October 1967, Newton was wounded and while in hospital was charged with killing a police officer, John Frey, following a shoot-out. [5] The following year he was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter, but in May 1970, a new trial was ordered, and the charges were dismissed.   In 1974 Newton was accused of murdering a 17-year-old prostitute, Kathleen Smith. He and his then-girlfriend, Gwen Fontaine, fled to Cuba and did not return until 1977. Upon return, Newton stood trial, but the charges were dismissed- he was also acquitted of assault on a tailor in September 1978. In 2007, party member Ericka Huggins stated in an interview that Newton repeatedly raped her and threatened to hurt her children if she told anyone.   How Did Newton Spend his Final Years? Huey Newton. Source: Wikimedia Commons   Newton returned to his studies and in 1980 he received a Ph.D. in social philosophy from the University of California Santa Cruz, but his later years continued to be troubled. In 1987, he served nine months in San Quentin for gun charges and in March 1989, served 6 months for stealing $15,000 from an Oakland school. Newton also battled with drug addiction, heavily using cocaine and drinking alcohol. [5]   On August 21, 1989, Huey found out that a film project about his life was falling through. The next day Newton was shot in the face three times outside of a residential complex in Oakland following a drug related dispute with drug dealer Tyrone Robinson.   It is alleged that before he was shot, Newtons last words were, “You can kill my body, but you can’t kill my soul. My soul will live forever!”. [6] Newton is buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Oakland.   Sources:   [1] Judson L. Jeffries, Huey P. Newton, the Radical Theorist (University Press of Mississippi, 2002), p. xxii   [2] Bobby Seale, Seize the Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton (Second Edition), (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1991), p.413   [3]https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/primary-documents-african-american-history/black-panther-party-ten-point-program-1966/   [4] Pearson, Hugh (1995). The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Da Capo Press, 145-47   [5] Judson L. Jeffries, Huey P. Newton, the Radical Theorist (University Press of Mississippi, 2002), p.11.   [6] https://spartacus-educational.com/USAnewtonH.htm

  Chili peppers (Capsicum) are a group of flowering plants from the family Solanaceae native to the Americas, specifically to the areas of what is today Peru, Bolivia, and Central Mexico. Once used to spice up traditional indigenous foods, in the 500 years since the conquest, the humble berry has spread around the world, evolving numerous varieties, introducing new flavors to old cuisines, and testing heat tolerances from Hungary to India.   Origin Story: The First Chili Peppers Photograph of dried chili peppers found in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, dating back to 600–1521 BCE. Source: Precolumbian use of chili peppers in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Linda Perry and Kent V. Flannery, July 17, 2007   Archeological findings have shown chili seeds associated with cooking, war, and ritual utensils and suggest that the berry had been domesticated as a spice by pre-Columbian civilizations and communities 7,500 years ago, in line with the beginning of agriculture. It was most likely domesticated because of its ability to preserve foods for extended periods. Its seeds were spread by different species of birds to the north and south of the Americas, allowing for the evolution of different varieties.   The scientific name capsicum comes from the Greek word kapsimo, which means “to burn.” The original name chili comes from the Nahuatl chīlli, while pepper (pimiento) is believed to have been used by the first conquistadors, as they found the berry’s characteristic spiciness similar to the already-known black pepper.   Illustration of capsicum annum. Source: Wikimedia Commons   Today, various domesticated varieties of chili peppers dominate a big part of the world’s cuisine. The species cultivated include capsicum annuum (jalapeños, cayenne, bell peppers), capsicum frutescens (tabasco, malagueta, piri piri), capsicum chinense (naga and habanero), capsicum pubescens (rocoto peppers) and capsicum baccatum (aji peppers). This berry has become one of the most widely cultivated plants around the globe, serving as an essential spice for the gastronomy and culture of different countries as it adds a unique taste and a feeling of heat to food in Chinese, Mexican, Thai, and Indian cuisine.   Consuming chili peppers has been found to have some health benefits, such as boosting the immune system, reducing the risk of Type 2 diabetes, preventing allergies, and reducing cancer risk. Chilis are also rich in vitamins A, C, and E and contain capsanthin, a potent, cancer-fighting antioxidant that gives them their distinctive red color.   Feel the Burn: What Makes Peppers Spicy? Photograph of chili collectors near the Mekong River in Cambodia. Source: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation   Capsaicin and other related chemicals are what create peppers’ pungency, which is the characteristic taste and feeling of spiciness, hotness, or heat caused in the body when ingested or applied topically. Both the pepper species and the growing environment affect their pungency; those grown in environments with low water availability are the spiciest, for example, the habanero. The spiciness of chili peppers is measured with the Scoville Heat Scale, which puts in the lowest levels variants such as the bell pepper, the sweet pepper, and the paprika, and in the highest, variants such as the Red Savina habanero, the chocolate habanero, and the Dragon’s Breath chili pepper, the hottest pepper in the world.   The sensation of spiciness is generated when capsaicin meets the body’s pain receptors. When these sensory neurons are stimulated, they send signals to the brain through the spinal cord. The brain sends back signals that create the feeling of pain, making the body direct attention to the “affected” area. Some chili peppers can generate so much pain that they have been used as a type of non-lethal weapon in India, where it has been used against people in Kashmir.   When consumed regularly, resistance and tolerance to capsaicin increases, which explains how different people have different tolerance levels to spicy foods. Interestingly, one of the effects of chili peppers’ pungency is that the brain releases endorphins and dopamine to help the body fight against the “threat,” which also causes a feeling of pleasure. The body believes it is in danger, but the mind knows it is not, creating an exciting contrast between pain and pleasure.   Photograph of different varieties of Tabasco sauce. Source: Food and Wine   Contrary to many other mammals, humans do not “flee” the pain caused by chili peppers. Although most mammals identify ingesting them as a threat, humans, in contrast, have actually been a primary method through which the plant fulfills its evolutionary drive to spread into new environments. Before humans, birds fulfilled this role; they do not experience the same chemical reaction that capsaicin causes in the human body because they do not have the same pain receptors.   In many countries, high tolerance to spiciness is associated with masculinity. In Hungary, for example, peppers are a symbol of virility, and the Kalocsa variety is known as “cat penis.” In Mexico, men tend to eat hotter foods than women, aiming to sweat while consuming them. For some cultures, consuming “hot” food is related to preserving the vital heat one acquires as one grows older, as it “gives strength” or fosters sexual activity.   The Columbian Exchange: How Chili Peppers Took Over Possible routes of chili spread around the Globe. Source: Nautilus Magazine   Chili peppers were first domesticated as a spice in what is now Mexico and were mainly diversified in Peru through agriculture and artificial selection. The plant was registered for the first time in Western historical records at the end of the 15th century. Shortly after the arrival of Spanish invaders to the Americas, the Spanish friar Bernardino de Sahagún had already noted various chilmolli (a Nahuatl word for chili pepper sauces) in the central Mexican highlands.   With the commercialization of goods as well as the routes of the slave trade, Europeans brought chili peppers to the Old World in what is known today as “The Columbian Exchange.” Two empires dominated these routes: the Spanish, ruled by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Spain to Italy and the Middle East), and the Ottoman Empire (to the Eastern and Southern Mediterranean, the Balkans, and up to Hungary).   After its introduction, a variety of the species capsicum annuum most commonly known as the bell pepper started to be successfully cultivated in regions of southern Europe. Although the plant was first used as an ornament in aristocratic houses, farmers began to rapidly cultivate it in the 16th century as a spice. In Europe, chili peppers were considered the “poor people’s peppers,” as they were more affordable than Asian black peppers, which likely resulted in the artificially developed variety of bell peppers in Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria. In Hungary, the production of chili peppers became industrialized in the 19th century, gaining culinary and cultural importance through the production of paprika, which (believe it or not) is made from grinding dry red bell peppers. Today, paprika is used all over Europe to spice up hams, sausages, and many other dishes.   A vendor displays chili peppers at a local market in India. Source: Smithsonian Magazine   Different cultures discovered or ascribed different gastronomic or therapeutic uses to the plant, which ultimately reached regions including Ethiopia, South India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, the Pacific Islands, China, and Japan. Today, chili production is concentrated in China, Indonesia, Mexico, and India, where the Portuguese introduced it in the 17th century. The integration of chili peppers in Indian cuisine is an example of how some foreign cultural elements brought to new places by the historical trade of goods, often linked to colonization and imperialism, become important local cultural elements.   The uses and culinary techniques related to chili peppers vary in different geographical locations and are dependent on many factors, including the maturity of the berry or culturally codified color schemes. Among the Aztecs, for example, red and green were considered naturally complementary colors; the green chili was associated with the Rain God as the green color symbolizes water, while the red chili represents the feeling of hotness. In Europe, red chili peppers are often associated with emotions and historically viewed as stimulants or aphrodisiacs. For instance, Hungarians refer to being angry or agitated as praprikás: “to be like pepper.” Rather than blushing “like a tomato,” they “blush like a paprika.”   Spicing Things Up: The Culinary Popularity of Chili Peppers Photo of Hungarian paprika. 2013. Source: CNN   Cultural gastronomies demonstrate how spicy food can become a great marker of identity. In Italy, for example, Calabrians have come to use peppers as a significant element of their identity, while in Hungary, the distinctive use of paprika in goulash marked an identitarian differentiation from Austrians in the 18th century.   In Mexico, beans and stews are cooked with small chili peppers as the base. Spiciness has dominated Mexican cuisine to the point that it’s even added to sweets and desserts. Hot sauces are common in all of Latin America, varying in taste, color or pungency depending on the kinds of chili peppers used. Large green chili peppers can be consumed as vegetables in Mexico, similar to bell peppers in Spain.   The chili pepper’s popularity has made Hatch, a village in New Mexico in the United States, known as the chili capital of the world—the town hosts the Hatch Chile Festival every year. In Budapest, there’s a whole museum dedicated to the chili, and after a great flood that destroyed the southern city of Szeged, it became a symbol of revival. Other museums dedicated to chili peppers can be found in Diamante in Calabria and Espelette in the Basque Country, showcasing how chili peppers have become a tourist attraction as well as a marker of cultural heritage.   Chili Culture Under Threat? Photo of dried chili peppers in the Calabria region of Italy by Toni Anzanberger, 2022. Source: National Geographic.   Today, Mexico is experiencing adverse cultural and economic effects caused by gentrification and the touristification of its cities, and the chili is not immune. This gentrification has been driven by the arrival and takeover of foreigners, specifically digital nomads, who often prefer non-spicy food, leading some traditional dishes to lose the characteristic spiciness that has been present throughout the country’s entire cultural history. This is affecting the evolution of food traditions in the country and prompting different urban local communities to raise their voices against the adverse economic and cultural effects gentrification is having in Mexico’s main cities.   It’s clear that spiciness in food is an essential gastronomic tradition as well as a cultural identifier—is it time to protect and treat it as a cultural heritage amid globalization and the increase in migration around the globe?   Bibliography:   Katz, E. (2009). Chili Pepper, from Mexico to Europe: Food, imaginary and cultural identity. Estudios del Hombre, Serie Antropología de la Alimentación. Food, Imaginaries and Cultural Frontiers. Essays in Honour of Helen Macbeth. Guadalajara, Mexico: Universidad de Guadalajara, 213-232.   Long-Solis, J. (1992). Les apports mexicains dans le monde méditerranéen. Diogène 159. 41-54.   ____________ (1990). Creencias acerca del Capsicum. In Barbro Dahlgren (ed.) II Coloquio de historia de la religión en Mesoamérica y áreas afines. México: iia/unam. 271-278.   Normah MN, Chin HF, Reed BM (2013). Conservation of tropical plant species. New York: Springer. p. 397. ISBN 9781461437758. Retrieved 28 November 2018.   Nunn, N., & Qian, N. (2010). The Columbian exchange: A history of disease, food, and ideas. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), 163-188.   Pandit, M. K., Pandit, R., & Bairagi, S. (2020). Chili. In Ethnopharmacological Investigation of Indian Spices (pp. 253-268). IGI Global.

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Wouldn’t this be one of the proverbial “Learning by doing” moments? pic.twitter.com/xVNPPtIn1B — Jon Funder de Linde (@FunderJon) December 10, 2024

Absinthe: From Green Fairy to Moral Panic JamesHoare Thu, 12/12/2024 - 09:28