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Survival Prepper
Survival Prepper  
37 w

Every American Needs To Stockpile Food Now
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Every American Needs To Stockpile Food Now

Every American Needs To Stockpile Food Now. 2weeks until 2024 elections. Prepare for civil Unrest, food shortages, martial law. Survival Living PayPal https://www.paypal.me/survivallivingguide MIRA Saftey Use Promo Code : SURVIVE10 for 10% off CBRN Gas Masks and Suits https://alnk.to/cSC25dS Our Official X https://x.com/PrepperFlorida/status/1437238774522597376?t=imKTfLLRbrsq5M8U9ewmqg&s=19 Our Gold & Silver Affiliate : Money Metals Exchange https://www.shareasale.com/r.cfm?b=696067&u=2133484&m=57542 SD Bullion https://www.shareasale.com/r.cfm?b=1531669&u=2133484&m=96929 Water Filtration : Seychelle Radiologic Water Filter Promo Code : SURVIVALLIVING for 10% off https://bit.ly/3IZc0i0 Survival Living Amazon Affiliate Link Sawyer Mini Water Filter https://amzn.to/3vlr7e4 For Emergency Longterm Emergency Food: Legacy Food Storage https://www.shareasale.com/r.cfm?b=342771&u=2133484&m=36800 Augason Farms https://alnk.to/hhv0DSf Nutrient Survival https://alnk.to/fSaUYvw Wallaby Mylar Promo Code SURVIVAL https://wallabygoods.com/?rfsn=6291443.e73f97 Grid Down Protection & Equipment: EMP Shield Survival Living EMP Shield link and use Promo Code : cfpemp for $50 off https://www.empshield.com/?ref=Survivalliving Faraday Defense Emp Protection for your Equipment and material to creat your own. https://alnk.to/60UurAd Enjoybot Solar Battery https://enjoybot.com?aff=29 Oupes Portable Power Station https://www.shareasale.com/r.cfm?b=1865808&u=2133484&m=116483 Bluetti Solar Generators https://www.shareasale.com/r.cfm?b=1531360&u=2133484&m=96917 Prepping Supplies : Bigfoot Bushcraft Gear 15% Off Promo SURVIVALFIRE https://bigfoot-bushcraft.com/?ref=485nnku0yh MIRA Saftey Use Promo Code : SURVIVE10 for 10% off CBRN Gas Masks and Suits https://alnk.to/cSC25dS My Medic Myfak Pro https://alnk.to/hsqFOdm Prescott Caliber Club Tourniquet https://www.calclub.store/product-p/nar-tq-combat.htm Door Locking System If you are interested in Dooorricade products https://www.shareasale.com/r.cfm?b=2492525&u=2133484&m=150886 Black Forest Supplements Turkesterone https://blackforestsupplements.com?sca_ref=2667248.E31GNZMbSX For Unlimitedville High Speed Internet. Use Promo : SURVIVAL https://unlimitedville.com/ RPNB Safes Use Coupon Code: SURVIVALLIVING for 10% off https://rpnbsafe.us/?ref=eeRmfcRdkqCYSx Aivituvin Products (chicken coop) https://aivituvin.com/?ref=Survival%20Living Disclaimer: Some of these links are affiliate links where I'll earn a small commission if you make a purchase at no additional cost to you. Some of these links are our Amazon Affiliate Links
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Survival Prepper
Survival Prepper  
37 w

CRISIS REPORT 10/23/24 POSTPONED OR IMMINENT?
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CRISIS REPORT 10/23/24 POSTPONED OR IMMINENT?

Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBcyBXNCsbx8clN2KSqZlaw/join Join Me Here As A Member here on YouTube ————————————————— TOPICS: economy, collapse, recession, prices, inflation, middle class, decline, ISRAEL, war, Palestine, Gaza, hostages ————————————————— The Modern Prepper book: https://www.amazon.com/Modern-Prepper-J-H-Zarate/dp/1617045535/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?crid=1RDPD3FGY4OWP&keywords=the+modern+prepper&qid=1689569407&s=books&sprefix=the+modern+prepper%2Caps%2C120&sr=1-1 https://m.youtube.com/sponsor_channel/UCBcyBXNCsbx8clN2KSqZlaw?noapp=1 Thank you for supporting me! TRANSCRIPT ON SUBSTACK http://www.preppernow.substack.com https://www.buymeacoffee.com/Preppernow1 JOIN ME ON LOCALS FOR $3 A MONTH https://preppernow.locals.com JOIN ME ON SUBSCRIBESTAR FOR $3 A MONTH https://www.subscribestar.com/preppernow (TIPS/Donations) Cash App: cash.app/$PrepperNow ————————————————— SPONSORS: JASE MEDICAL JASE CASE! Follow The Link! https://www.jasemedical.com/?rfsn=6390154.fa795e4 PREPPER NERD OFFLINE ASSET SYSTEM This is my affiliate link: https://signup.prepper-nerd.com/referral/home/Wz1AWj2DlhRsMbko There are other links available at https://prepper-nerd.com/affiliate-asset-center/ OFFLINE version launch and $20 discount ends Wed 8/3/22 ————————————————— Learn canning with Voodoo Queen cindisevy@gmail.com ————————————————— TELEGRAM Channel https://t.me/crisisreport ————————————————— PrepperNow is an educator, prepper, father, husband and patriot. Working in academia, I have a B.A. in political science and an M.Ed. in education. I use the PrepperNow sites to posit my thoughts and post trustworthy material. www.preppernow.net ————————————————— L. I. N. K. S. ————————————————— (ODYSEE) https://odysee.com/@preppernow:61 ————————————————- (Truth Social): @preppernow ———————————————— (Twitter): https://www.Twitter.com/prepper_ now ———————————————— (GAB) https://gab.com/preppernow ————————————————— (RUMBLE) https://rumble.com/user/PrepperNow ————————————————— (MINDS) https://minds.com/preppernow ————————————————— (CRISIS REPORT ON ODYSEE): https://odysee.com/@preparednessnow:9 ————————————————— (CRISIS REPORT) https://YouTube.com/@crisisreport ————————————————— (EMAIL/INTEL) preppernow@protonmail.com ———————————————— (PREPPERNOW YT) https://youtube.com/channel/preppernow ————————————————— (Legal) FAIR USE NOTICE This video may contain copyrighted material; the use of which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available for the purposes of criticism, comment, review and news reporting which constitute the fair use of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. Not withstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work for purposes such as criticism, comment, review and news reporting is not an infringement of copywright. #prepping #WAR #NEWS
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Survival Prepper
Survival Prepper  
37 w

BREAKING!! ? US Election DELAYED - Officials make MAJOR Announcement
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BREAKING!! ? US Election DELAYED - Officials make MAJOR Announcement

Breaking news officials have made a major announcement for the US elections. Maricopa county Arizona is also giving an announcement.
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Survival Prepper
Survival Prepper  
37 w

They're Trying to COVER This UP!!!
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They're Trying to COVER This UP!!!

Join OUR TRIBE: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4YOBmzRey4X3lLCjhw3UaQ/join GAS Mask: https://parcilsafety.com/?rfsn=7244284.e8af67 25% Code: Black_Scout MIRA Safety GAS MASK: https://alnk.to/4BE5unD BLACKSCOUT10 for 10% off Buy OUR GEAR: http://www.blackscoutsurvival.com Brands WE TRUST: Turkesterone (Muscle Builder): (Code BLACKSCOUT 5% OFF) https://blackforestsupplements.com/?sca_ref=2031590.7J8c42Pvb2 MAKE A YOUTUBE STREAM JUST LIKE THIS: https://streamyard.com/pal/c/4521604491771904 BSS Tactical Light: https://amzn.to/4dgQC3x ANTIBIOTICS-Here is the link to Jase Medical: https://www.jasemedical.com/blackscoutsurvival Twitter: @Black_Scout Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Black-Scout-Survival/664083850312780?ref=br_tf Instagram: http://instagram.com/blackscoutsurvival
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Survival Prepper
Survival Prepper  
37 w

'It's OVER' ⚠️ Kamala drops BOMBSHELL on LIVE TV - This changes EVERYTHING
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'It's OVER' ⚠️ Kamala drops BOMBSHELL on LIVE TV - This changes EVERYTHING

Email Signup Just in Case https://www.sustainableseasons.com/ Follow me on Twitter X Just in Case https://twitter.com/PatrickHumphre Kamala Harris drops major news on immigration and the border crisis. Elon Musk reacts. Watch Patrick Humphrey pepper news
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Science Explorer
Science Explorer
37 w

Your Sense of Smell Changes The Way You Breathe, Study Reveals
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Your Sense of Smell Changes The Way You Breathe, Study Reveals

Your nose is far more important than you think.
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Science Explorer
Science Explorer
37 w

Men And Women May Need Different Breakfasts For Weight Loss
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Men And Women May Need Different Breakfasts For Weight Loss

Know your body.
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Intel Uncensored
Intel Uncensored
37 w

Like Venomous Reptiles, They Warn Us
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Like Venomous Reptiles, They Warn Us

by Ambrose Kane, The Unz Review: Some of the most amazingly colored reptiles and snakes have the most intriguing shapes and complex patterns on their skin that truly sets them apart from other reptiles. But such eye-popping colors and bright patterns serve a purpose – namely, to keep predators away from them. They are warnings […]
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History Traveler
History Traveler
37 w

The Evolution of Socialism and Its Influence in the US
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The Evolution of Socialism and Its Influence in the US

  Calling someone a socialist, communist, or Marxist is still occasionally considered an insult in the United States. But what does it mean to be a “socialist”? Does America have elements of socialism, despite the frequent insistence that it is a capitalist and free-market society?   In many presidential election cycles, candidates debate economic policies and reforms that their opponents often label socialist or Marxist. Since the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, confusion has increased over what these terms actually mean. Are any of the US’s Western allies considered socialists? Can socialism and free market economics coexist? Let us explore the complex history of socialism and its influence on the United States.   1848: Karl Marx Publishes the Communist Manifesto A statue of German socialist philosopher Karl Marx in London, with monuments of the controversial theorist popular across Europe. Source: American Institute for Economic Research   The modern concept of socialism was birthed in the 1840s by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who published The Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels, creating Marxist theory, argued that it was natural for owners of capital (factories), called capitalists, to exploit workers for surplus value. To protect the workers, Marx wanted the government, which represented the people, to control the labor market by controlling all capital. At the time, this was a popular idea among many workers, who were often treated poorly and faced routine twelve-hour workdays.   Marx’s economic theory clashed with those of existing classical economists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo, though his idea of the labor theory of value—products being valued based on the amount of labor it took to produce them—did find wider support. Although Marx’s work is often criticized as flawed today, the labor situation in the 1850s made his ideas more attractive. Marx and Engels also pointed to slavery, which still existed in the United States, as capitalism run amok. They hoped that the defeat of the Confederacy would eventually lead to a socialist revolution in America by Northern factory workers.   1862: Civil War Increases Government Control An 1861 map of railroads in the United States, of which the ones in Union territory were nationalized by President Lincoln on January 31, 1862. Source: Library of Congress   Government seizure of capital began in the United States during the American Civil War (1861-65) due to the rigors of full mobilization. On January 31, 1862, Congress gave US President Abraham Lincoln the authority to nationalize all railroads in Union territory. In April, control of the railroads was given to the US Army, which used them to transport soldiers and equipment to the front lines. This was a major advantage for the Union, which had far more railroads than the Confederacy.   A few weeks after Lincoln took control of the railroads, he also took control of the nation’s new telegraph lines. The new technology allowed military commanders and the president to learn information about enemy troop movements in record time. Again, this advantaged the Union, which had a far more extensive telegraph network than the Confederacy. By placing both railroads and telegraph lines under government control, a step the Confederacy delayed until later in the war, the Union could wage war more efficiently. By May 1865, the Union had defeated all significant Confederate forces and successfully preserved the nation.   Progressive Era: Government Regulations Increase Socialist Party presidential nominee Eugene V. Debs (above, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) won six percent of the popular vote in 1912. Source: The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia   The wartime nationalization of industries in 1862 may technically have been socialism, but few would link it to Marxism due to the emergency nature of war. The first emergence of peacetime socialism occurred during the Progressive Era (1890s-1920). In 1901, the Socialist Party of the United States was founded and grew rapidly. For the first time, many Americans cared about the plight of the urban poor, including children. The federal government and state governments began passing reforms to deliver some degree of social welfare and limit child labor and workplace hazards.   During the Progressive Era, the government did not nationalize industries, but did drastically increase regulations on businesses. This included trust-busting, or breaking up monopolies that were deemed a threat to free and fair trade. In effect, the Progressive Era limited capitalism without significantly socializing America. However, it laid the foundation for future pro-socialist reforms by creating widespread acceptance of social reforms and limits on corporate practices. Many voters agreed that it was acceptable for the government to place limits on businesses for the public good, especially when it came to health.   New Deal: Social Security Act and Welfare An image of a Social Security card issued to US citizens, with which they can receive government-distributed retirement pension benefits. Source: National Women’s Law Center   While the Progressive Era saw the rise of federal regulations for many industries, social welfare remained the purview of local and state governments up through the 1920s. Although World War I saw another spike in temporary government nationalization of key industries, the Roaring Twenties restored the power of capitalism. The 1929 stock market crash that heralded the arrival of the Great Depression, however, forced permanent changes to America’s government and economy. By 1932, up to a quarter of the labor force was unemployed, and millions of citizens were begging for government relief.   The New Deal, crafted by incoming US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, featured a rapid flurry of economic and social reforms. Although no industries were nationalized, thus not reaching the threshold of true socialism, the federal government did create its first systems of wealth redistribution. The Social Security Act of 1935 created a federal pension system for US citizens, with a payroll tax instituted on most workers to fund it. Upon age 65, after having paid into the system for decades, retirees would be assured of monthly government payments for life. Whether or not Social Security is a socialist program remains debatable, with conservatives arguing that it is not. It remains extremely popular and thus retains strong support across the political spectrum.   World War II: Rationing and Labor Controls Ration books and ration coupons from World War II, which were used to ensure the equitable distribution of consumer goods. Source: The National WWII Museum, New Orleans   After the New Deal, the public was more accepting of government redistribution of wealth (taxing and welfare). When World War II erupted and the United States returned to full mobilization of resources, the country instituted widespread rationing for the first time. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) managed a complex system of rationing beginning in May 1942 with sugar. The government aimed to equitably distribute the remaining consumer goods that were not diverted into the war effort. It was a difficult task, and a black market developed in many areas where people paid extra to get more units of desired goods.   In addition to rationing, the US economy was subject to price controls to limit inflation. To maintain wartime production and prevent labor disputes, the government instituted wage controls on private employers, as well as a slew of regulations to force (relatively) equal pay for women and minorities. These labor controls protected workers and the American public but were disliked by large companies. After the war, the socialist reforms that had largely nationalized America’s labor force for the conflict were quickly abandoned. Labor unions began striking for higher pay in 1946, prompting a wave of conservative legislation to reduce their power.   1960s: War on Poverty and Great Society Reforms US President Lyndon Johnson (left) signing Medicare into law in 1965 with former US President Harry S. Truman (right). Source: Humanities Texas   Although US President Harry S. Truman wanted to maintain the New Deal and World War II labor reforms, conservatives successfully argued that such regulations were akin to those used in the Soviet Union. As the Cold War emerged and a new Red Scare swept across the country, moderates wanted to avoid anything that could be accused of socialism. By 1964, however, the Red Scare had abated, and it was no longer political kryptonite to propose anti-poverty reforms. In a series of reforms reminiscent of the New Deal, US President Lyndon B. Johnson declared a War on Poverty as part of his larger Great Society program.   Politically skilled and publicly popular, Johnson was able to push major anti-poverty and Civil Rights legislation through Congress. On July 30, 1965, Johnson signed the most sweeping pro-socialist legislation since the Social Security Act of 1935. The Medicare and Medicaid Act created two sweeping health insurance programs that would be funded by the federal government. Medicare provided basic health insurance for all Americans, regardless of income, beginning at age 65. Medicaid provided basic health insurance for Americans in poverty. Both were funded through payroll taxes on virtually all US workers, similar to Social Security.   1965: Elementary and Secondary Education Act  An image from the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) that introduced federal funding into public K-12 schools across the United States. Source: PDK International   A second major reform in 1965 involved providing increased federal funding for public K-12 schools nationwide. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) dedicated federal funds to close learning gaps among low-income students and help provide all children and teens with equitable public education. Prior to this, there was little redistribution of education funds, meaning low-income school districts had few resources. The ESEA helped level the playing field in terms of education funding, providing opportunities for bright and hardworking but economically disadvantaged youth.   Coming on the heels of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA), which forced states to increase math and science education, the ESEA dramatically increased federal oversight of K-12 public education. Critics felt that this violated states’ rights and was socialist due to the redistribution of wealth from higher-income school districts to lower-income districts. They also opposed the federal government’s ability to withhold ESEA funding (Title funding) from schools that did not meet federal standards. While states retained official control of public education, schools largely complied with federal mandates to continue receiving additional funding.   1990s-Now: Health Care Reforms A chart from 2017 showing the many sources of health insurance coverage for Americans. Source: Center for Excellence in Health Care Journalism   Since the creation of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965, healthcare costs have risen faster than the rate of inflation. This has prompted periodic calls for health care reform, with Americans displeased with health insurance options available through the free market. In the early 1990s, the administration of incoming US President Bill Clinton explored federal subsidies for small business health insurance plans. In November 1993, a bill was proposed that would require universal coverage, meaning all US citizens would have to sign up for health insurance through either a private or government-controlled plan.   Although Clinton’s proposal failed in Congress, the concept of universal coverage returned in 2009 with the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The ACA, colloquially known as “Obamacare” after US President Barack Obama, initially required all citizens to purchase health insurance coverage or pay an annual tax penalty. This individual mandate, coupled with an employer mandate that businesses with a certain number of employers offer health insurance plans, was often criticized as socialist by conservatives. However, similar to the reforms of the Progressive Era, nothing was nationalized, thereby avoiding true socialism.   2020-21: COVID Pandemic Shutdowns In March 2020, most state governors issued executive orders to many small businesses to temporarily close to limit the spread of the Covid virus. Source: West Virginia Governor’s Office   Government control of the labor market increased dramatically in 2020 due to a rapid viral pandemic. The Covid pandemic erupted in the United States in March 2020, forcing state governments to react quickly to limit infection. Most states used lockdown and shutdown executive orders to close non-essential businesses and keep people at home. This effectively controlled the labor market, albeit temporarily, and could be considered socialist. However, as the pandemic was considered an emergency situation akin to war, and the lockdowns were brief, few argued that the situation was socialism.   To prevent unrest due to the lockdowns and shutdowns, the administrations of both US presidents used stimulus spending. Millions of Americans received, for the first time, cashable checks (or direct deposits) from the federal government. Simultaneously, the government made most Covid medical treatments free to consumers, including vaccines, once they were introduced. At the time, few Americans complained about the stimulus checks, but many later blamed the generous federal spending on Covid relief for causing high inflation in 2022.   Summary of Socialism in the United States of America A graphic illustrating the scope of federal government spending on various forms of social welfare in 2023. Source: Cato Institute   “Socialism” is often a vague term, with political pundits using it for any perceived government overreach. A more technical definition of socialism requires government control of the factors of production, mostly labor and capital. Although government influence on labor and capital has significantly increased since the beginning of the Progressive Era in the 1890s, direct control of labor and capital has been limited to wartime or national emergencies. Thus, America cannot accurately be labeled a socialist country, even with increased government regulations.   A photograph of pro-socialism protesters marching in the United States as part of the democratic socialist movement. Source: Democratic Socialists of America   In terms of degree, it is undeniable that America is more socialist than it used to be. Redistribution of wealth through programs like equitable education funding, social welfare, and government subsidies to businesses are now common. However, aside from antitrust legislation to break up monopolies, few hard limits on capitalist power exist. If employers pay to meet regulations, they can grow and innovate as much as they want. On a political spectrum, the United States is still quite far from being in the true zone of socialism.
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History Traveler
History Traveler
37 w

What Was the Carnation Revolution?
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What Was the Carnation Revolution?

  On the early morning of April 25, 1974, recalled Phil Mailer, a Dubliner working in Lisbon, “the following radio announcement stuns hundreds of thousands of Portuguese into a realization that a new phase in their history has begun: The Portuguese Armed Forces appeal to all the inhabitants of Lisbon to stay at home and remain as calm as possible.”   It was the beginning of the so-called Carnation Revolution, a coup d’état led by sectors of the military that toppled the Estado Novo (New State), Europe’s longest-living authoritarian regime. Despite the army’s initial recommendation, the residents of Lisbon gathered in the streets to cheer the rebels, expressing their hope for freedom after about 40 years of dictatorship.   The Estado Novo & The Carnation Revolution António de Oliveira Salazar, the leader of the Estado Novo. Source: Deutschlandfunk   In 1974, the Portuguese armed forces, dissatisfied with the regime’s handling of the colonial wars in Africa, conspired to put an end to the dictatorship they had helped form some 40 years before. Indeed, on May 28, 1926, a military coup d’état toppled the unstable parliamentary republic born in 1910. After the sudden regime change, General António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona headed the initial provisional government, commonly known as Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship). Then, in 1928, faced with the threat of a financial crisis, the army leader appointed António de Oliveira Salazar as Minister of Finance. At the time, Salazar was a professor of Economics and Finance at the University of Coimbra. Four years after his first appointment, he became prime minister.   In the years following his direct involvement in Portugal’s politics, Salazar began a process that would transform Portugal into an authoritarian regime. In 1930, for example, he founded the União Nacional (National Union), an umbrella organization that became the only legal political party in the country. In 1933, a new constitution officially turned the Ditadura Nacional into the Estado Novo, an autocratic corporatist state.   The constitutional charter created two representative bodies. The legislative role of the first one, known as the National Assembly, was limited to activities that did not rely on public spending. Only members of the National Union could join the assembly. On the other hand, the so-called Corporative Chamber was formed by representatives of the country’s official professional groups and workers’ organizations, established after disbanding the previous trade unions.   Propaganda posters of the Estado Novo. Source: Universidade Estadual de Campinas   The 1933 document also introduced changes regarding the offices of the president and the prime minister. Directly elected for a seven-year term, the president was granted a vast array of powers, including the faculty of appointing the prime minister. However, Salazar, who remained the Prime Minister of Portugal until 1968, was the de facto head of the government.   Under Salazar’s rule, the Estado Novo curtailed civil rights and liberties. The regular use of state censorship limited the freedom of speech, silencing the opposition. The Secret Police aided the regime in implementing its directives while imprisoning and killing the political opponents. Salazar, who had planned to become a priest in his youth, strengthened the relationship between the state and the Catholic Church, restoring Catholicism as the official state religion. Deus, Pátria e Família (God, Fatherland, and Family), declared a motto of the Estado Novo.   While the Portuguese regime supported Francisco Franco’s fascist forces during the Spanish Civil War, the government opted for neutrality after the outbreak of World War II. In 1949, Portugal was one of the founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). In the postwar years, Salazar, a staunch supporter of Portugal’s colonial empire, firmly rejected the process of decolonization that began to restore independence to the overseas territorial possessions of the Western powers. The costly colonial wars, however, began to erode the regime’s consensus among the forces stationed in the overseas territories and the Portuguese at home.   The Estado Novo & Colonialism “The Portuguese Empire.” Front page of the catalog of the 1934 colonial exhibition. Source: Museu do Aljube, Lisbon   The myth of Portugal’s colonial empire was a crucial element of the propaganda discourse promoted by the Estado Novo. Focusing on the celebration of the so-called Age of Discoveries, when Portuguese sailors traveled the world to establish commercial routes to the East, Salazar’s regime created a historical narrative and a national identity around the alleged “civilizing crusade” of Portugal. To this end, the Estado Novo claimed to embody the historical imperial vocation at the heart of the Iberian country’s essence. Thus, the colonial rhetoric and the ideology legitimizing the regime became inextricably intertwined.   In 1930, as Minister of the Colonies, Salazar promulgated the Colonial Act. “It is of the organic essence of the Portuguese Nation to perform the historical function of owning and colonizing overseas domains and civilizing the indigenous populations,” claimed Article 2 of the document. The Colonial Act, later incorporated into the 1933 constitution, marked the beginning of a new colonial policy, which sought to centralize control over all territorial possessions, highlighting their dependence on the metropolis.   Marcello Caetano, Salazar’s “successor.” Source: Novo   The crucial role of the colonial discourse within the regime’s ideology and propaganda efforts led Salazar to oppose the process of decolonization. In the 1960s, as national movements erupted in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea, the Estado Novo responded by increasing the military presence in the African territories. By 1974, around 80 percent of the country’s armed forces had been deployed in the colonial wars.   Portugal’s campaign to suppress its colonies’ struggle for independence continued after 1968 when Salazar suffered a stroke that left him unable to carry on with his role as head of the regime. In September of the same year, President Américo Tómas appointed Marcello Caetano as Prime Minister. Salazar would die two years later, on July 27, 1970. Despite pressure from the international community, Caetano was reluctant to dismantle Portugal’s colonial empire.   The Armed Forces Movement Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, one of the most famous leaders of the MFA. Source: Ephemera – Biblioteca e Arquivo de José Pacheco Pereira   At the beginning of the 1970s, The Estado Novo’s continued refusal to accept the decolonization of its African territories led to widespread discontent and frustration among the armed forces stationed overseas, with many young officers lamenting the economic and human costs of the long and fruitless colonial wars. In particular, the career military personnel resented a decree introduced by Caetano in July 1973, granting privileges to conscripts in the hope of recruiting fresh troops to deploy in the African campaigns.   As consensus for the regime’s policies began to dwindle among junior officers and soldiers, they formed the Movimento das Forças Armadas (Armed Forces Movement), or MFA, an organization seeking to end the exhausting wars and calling for a drastic change of the status quo.   Many young officers who joined the MFA had been influenced by the so-called “NATO generation,” a group of former cadets trained by NATO staff in the US or other member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. During their experience in international military academies, they formed a different understanding of their role and independent opinions about the Western democracies. In the postwar period, recruiting personnel from a more diverse socio-economic background was also a crucial factor leading to the armed forces’ dissatisfaction with the regime.   General António de Spínola inspecting troops in Guinea. Source: Museu da Presidência da República   Initially, the MFA demanded the abolishment of the July 1973 decree and the introduction of a new colonial policy. Then, in the face of Caetano’s unwillingness to implement a series of structural reforms, the organization began to consider planning a military intervention. In March 1974, as the frustration with the regime continued to rise, Major Ernesto Melo Antunes wrote the official political program of the MFA. Commonly referred to as the “3 Ds,” the text called for democratization, decolonization, and development.   Meanwhile, in February 1974, General António de Spínola openly challenged the Estado Novo’s political establishment with his book Portugal e o futuro (Portugal and the Future). Denouncing the military campaigns in Africa as fruitless endeavors, Spínola advocated a negotiated end to the colonial wars. The army leader’s public dissent of the regime’s foreign policy led to his dismissal from his post as Vice-Chief of the Defense Council. At the same time, Spínola’s book fueled the general unhappiness with the existing political order, playing a crucial part in the MFA’s decision to overthrow the Estado Novo. On March 5, 1974, during a meeting in Cascais, a coastal town west of Lisbon, the Armed Forces Movement finally resolved to organize a coup d’état.   April 25, 1975: A Bloodless Coup People gather in the streets to support the MFA on April 25, 1974. Source: Museu Nacional Resistência e Liberdade, Lisbon   In the late evening of April 24, 1974, the Emissores Associados de Lisboa aired Paulo de Carvalho’s “E Depois do Adeus” (After the Farewell), the song representing Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest. Then, shortly after midnight, another song, “Grândola, Vila Morena,” was broadcast by Rádio Renascença. They were the two secret signals the members of the MFA were waiting for to start their coup d’état.   In the early hours of April 25, they poured into Lisbon, quickly taking control of the city’s airport, television stations, radio broadcast offices, and other strategic locations. Marcelo Caetano and other high-ranking regime officials fled to the National Republican Guard headquarters. However, they soon surrendered to General Spínola’s forces. After the coup, Caetano spent the rest of his life in exile in Brazil.   The Carnation Revolution. Source: UC Santa Barbara – The Current   The orderly rebellion planned by the MFA took the Portuguese and the international community by surprise. In Lisbon, the residents poured into the streets, cheering the soldiers. “A crowd is gathering near Rossio (a big Lisbon square),” wrote Phil Mailer in his retrospective account, “troops are coming towards us. … They raise their fingers in a V sign. The crowd cheers like I’ve never heard cheers before.”   As the MFA members marched through the city, people started giving them red carnations, which the soldiers put in the barrels of their weapons. As a result, the April 25, 1974 coup became known as Revolução dos Cravos (Carnation Revolution).   Unlike many similar uprisings, the Carnation Revolution was an almost bloodless revolt. According to most accounts, only four or five civilians were killed when the Secret Police opened fire on a crowd gathered in front of its headquarters. At the end of April 25, as countless civilians joined the MFA in revolting against the authoritarian government throughout the country, it quickly became clear that the Estado Novo, Europe’s longest-lived far-right dictatorship, had fallen.   The Aftermath of the Carnation Revolution The opening session of the Constituent Assembly on June 2, 1975. Source: Parlamento.pt   Though the Carnation Revolution had successfully overthrown the Estado Novo, the transition of Portugal from dictatorship to democracy did not happen overnight. The uncertainty regarding the political future of the Iberic country worried the Western powers, which feared a possible radicalization of the revolt might affect the tense international order of the Cold War era. In their 1974 Annual Review for Portugal, the British remarked that “the corporate state gave way to an unstable free for all.” In the United States, the Nixon administration aimed to prevent Portugal from “turn[ing] red.”   A soldier marching with a red carnation flower in his gun. Source: Euronews   Indeed, Portugal’s new political leadership struggled to overcome the chaotic period following the Carnation Revolution. After the April 25 coup, the MFA announced its plan to hold a national election to form a constituent assembly. In the meantime, General Spínola was appointed president of the provisional government. At the same time, the National Salvation Junta, a group of high-ranking MFA members, took control of the country. The Continental Operations Command, led by Major Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho (the mind behind the military coup), replaced the police forces of the regime.   In the first weeks after the Carnation Revolution, the MFA also began dismantling the Estado Novo’s oppressive apparatus. Political prisoners were released, and censorship was abolished. On the other hand, the MFA restored freedom of speech and fundamental civil rights. The socialist leader Mário Soares and Álvaro Cunhal, the head of the Communist Party, were finally able to return to Portugal. Overseas, the former colonies gained their independence.   People celebrate the anniversary of the Carnation Revolution. Source: The Portugal News   General Spínola opposed the swift decolonization process. After a failed attempt to seize power, he was then forced to resign. In 1975, the Portuguese citizens living in the overseas territories began to return home. Known as retornados (the returned), they complicated an already volatile social and political landscape. Despite the difficult transition period, 92 percent of Portugal’s eligible voters cast their ballots in the elections for the Constituent Assembly.   In 1976, the more radical subgroups of the MFA and the county’s left-wing parties began to gain momentum, implementing a nationwide wave of nationalization in the business, agricultural, and economic sectors. After a series of short-lived governments, the new constitution, introduced in 1976, and its subsequent 1980s amendments ultimately managed to finalize the complex transition to democracy. In 1986, Portugal became a member of the European Community.   Today, April 25 is celebrated in Portugal as Dia da Libertade (Freedom Day).
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