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Mars is the next frontier of human space exploration‚ with NASA‚ China‚ and SpaceX all planning to send crewed missions there in the coming decades. In each case‚ the plans consist of establishing habitats on the surface that will enable return missions‚ cutting-edge research‚ and maybe even permanent settlements someday. While the idea of putting boots on Martian soil is exciting‚ a slew of challenges need to be addressed well in advance. Not the least of which is the need to locate sources of water‚ which consist largely of subsurface deposits of water ice. Herein lies another major challenge: Martian ice deposits are contaminated by toxic perchlorates‚ potent oxidizers that cause equipment corrosion and are hazardous to human health (even at low concentrations). To this end‚ crewed missions must bring special equipment to remove perchlorates from water on Mars if they intend to use it for drinking‚ irrigation‚ and manufacturing propellant. This is the purpose of Detoxifying Mars‚ a proposed concept selected by the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program for Phase I development. The lead developer of this concept is Lynn Rothschild‚ a Senior Research Scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center (ARC) and the Research and Technology Lead for the Science and Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) at NASA HQ. As she and her colleagues noted in their proposal‚ the “scale of anticipated water demand on Mars highlights the shortcomings of traditional water purification approaches‚ which require either large amounts of consumable materials‚ high electrical draw‚ or water pretreatment.” Graphic depiction of Detoxifying Mars: the biocatalytic elimination of omnipresent perchlorates. Credit: Lynn Rothschild Perchlorates (ClO4-) are chemical compounds that contain the perchlorate ion‚ which form when chlorine compounds become oxidized. Perchlorate salts are kinetically stable‚ very soluble‚ have a low eutectic temperature (the lowest possible temperature they can achieve before freezing)‚ and become very reactive at high temperatures. Chlorate (ClO3-) salts are similar‚ though they are less kinetically stable than perchlorates. Perchlorates were first detected on Mars by the Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) instrument on the Phoenix mission‚ which landed in the northern Vastitas Borealis region in May 2028. With concentrations of about 0.5% found in these northern plain soils‚ scientists realized why previous attempts to find organic molecules in Martian soil had failed. In short‚ the perchlorate prevented mass spectrometers on the Phoenix and the famed Viking 1 and 2 landers (which explored Mars between 1976 and 1980) from detecting anything. This discovery led to renewed interest in the search for organics and astrobiology studies on Mars‚ leading to the Curiosity and Perseverance rovers. Since then‚ perchlorate (and likely chlorate) concentrations have been detected by multiple missions from both the surface and orbit. Here on Earth‚ perchlorates are naturally reduced by bacteria found in hypersaline soils‚ which have applications for water decontamination. Unfortunately‚ these same bacteria are unsuitable for off-world use since they are not spaceflight-proven. Instead‚ Rothschild and her team envision a bioreactor that leverages synthetic biology to take advantage of (and improve upon) this natural perchlorate-reducing process. Specifically‚ their method relies on two key genes found in Earth-based perchlorate-reducing bacteria (pcrAB and cld). These genes are then engineered into the spaceflight-proven Bacillus subtilis 168 bacteria strain‚ which will naturally convert chlorate (ClO-3) and perchlorate (ClO4-) into chloride (Cl-) and oxygen gas (O2). The oxygen gas would be immediately useable in Martian habitats or stored in tanks for extra-vehicular activities (EVAs)‚ while the chloride could be used for various purposes‚ including nutrition. The process is highly sustainable‚ scalable‚ and (unlike conventional filtering systems) eliminates the need to dump the perchlorate and chlorate waste elsewhere. A collage of illustrations highlighting the novel concepts proposed by the 2024 NIAC Phase I awardees. Credit: (clockwise‚ from upper right) Benner/Zhang/McQuinn/Romero-Calvo/Hibberd-Kennedy/Carpenter/Bickford/Romero/Calvo/Cabauy/Landis/Rothschild/Ge-Cheng Zha/NASA With Phase I funding secured‚ Rothschild and her colleagues plan to test the feasibility of sending a bioreactor to Mars. The first step will be to engineer the genes PcrAB and cld into strains of B. subtilis 168 and test their perchlorate-reducing abilities. They also plan to conduct a trade study to compare the performance of their process against traditional engineering approaches‚ especially in terms of the mass‚ power‚ and time it takes to complete the process. The final step will consist of Rothschild and her team creating a plan to incorporate the technology into the architecture for a crewed mission to Mars. “The system will be launched as inert‚ dried spores stable at room temperature for years‚” they state. “Upon arrival at Mars‚ spores will be rehydrated and grown in a bioreactor that meets planetary protection standards. Martian water will be processed by the bioreactor to accomplish perchlorate reduction. Processed water can then be used or further purified as required.” As they also indicate in their proposal‚ the technology will have implications for water decontamination systems and environmental restoration here on Earth: “Development of our detoxification biotechnology will also lead to more efficient solutions to natural and particularly industrial terrestrial perchlorate contamination on Earth. It will also shine a spotlight on the potential of using life rather than only industrial solutions to address our environmental problems‚ which may spur further innovations for other terrestrial environmental challenges such as climate change. Further Reading: NASA The post A Biocatalytic Reactor for Detoxifying Water on Mars! appeared first on Universe Today.

Are you kidding me?

Pakistan conducted a series of military strikes Thursday morning against insurgents operating in Iran in response to a deadly bombing in the southwestern Pakistani province of Baluchistan on Tuesday. The Pakistan Armed Forces completed a "series of highly coordinated and specifically targeted precision military strikes" against Pakistani terrorists in Iran's Siestan-o-Baluchistan province as part of an intelligence-based operation named "Marg Bar Sarmachar‚" Pakistan's Ministry of...

Iran and Pakistan have carried out air attacks on each other’s territories‚ targeting armed groups near their 900km-long (559-mile) volatile border‚ which they say were meant to ensure their respective national security. Iran’s powerful Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) targeted an armed group in Panjgur town of Pakistan’s Balochistan province late on Tuesday‚ prompting Pakistan to bomb hideouts of armed groups in the Sistan-Baluchestan province of Iran early on Thursday...

An Iranian strike on Pakistan this week that drew a rapid military riposte and raised fears of greater regional turmoil was driven by Iran's efforts to reinforce its internal security rather than its ambitions for the Middle East‚ according to three Iranian officials‚ one Iranian insider and an analyst. Both the heavily-armed neighbours‚ oftentimes at odds over instability on their frontier‚ appear to want to try to contain the strains resulting from the highest-profile cross-...

Becca Moore is a popular TikToker with over 800‚000 followers who's known for her funny‚ laid-back takes on dating. Like any influencer-type she was at the Coachella music and arts festival in Indio‚ California recently. While she was at Coachella‚ she was robbed of her phone‚ rental car keys and wallet.“I went to Coachella this weekend and I thought this guy was kinda hitting on me but then he just robbed me‚” Becca says at the beginning of her three-minute TikTok video with over 3 million views. After the festival‚ she was left with no ride‚ money‚ or means to get in contact with friends and family. She was stranded in the desert.Becca’s friend’s hotel called her an Uber so she could get to a local store to buy a new phone. The driver she was incredibly lucky to be connected with was a lot more than a guy with a car in a time of need‚ he was a guardian angel named Raul Torres from Fresno‚ California‚ six hours north of Indio.“A normal Uber driver takes you to a place and then drops you off. He insisted on coming in with me and making sure that I was going to have a ride after that‚” Becca said.The store wasn’t able to get her a new phone because she didn’t have access to her current plan. But Raul wouldn’t give up‚ so he took her to the local police station where they were able to locate the Airbnb where the thief was staying. The police let them into the room and they searched it but couldn’t find the phone. @becccamooore the uber driver that saved me from going missing is @buds4u559!! 😭 after spending the day w him he told me his daughter is a senior in high school &; is having a hard time going through chemo. i made a gofundme‚ he could’ve left me and didn’t have to help me the way he did! I’d love to help his fam give his daughter a normal end to her senior year of high school this year (prom!!) i’m putting it in my bio!! After the big let-down‚ Becca and Raul decided to take a break from their quest and refresh their spirits with some margaritas‚ on Raul. “Just because he’s an angel on this Earth‚” Becca said in her TikTok video.While the two bonded over drinks‚ Raul told Becca his daughter had been battling cancer and that’s why he’s been working as an Uber driver. “He told me all he wants is for his daughter to have a normal end to her senior year‚ and to be able to go to big events like prom and graduation‚” Becca said.Raul also revealed that his father had cancer as well.His revelations put Becca's troubles in perspective and made his decision to drop his driving for the day to help Becca all the more incredible. @becccamooore thank god he refused to leave me 😭 raul’s tiktok is @buds4u559. also you can donate to the fam in my bio!! thank you all for your donations and generosity. you today‚ me tomorrow!! #TipsForRaul After the final slurps of their margaritas‚ Becca still wasn’t sure how she’d get home. But Raul wouldn’t give up. “We’re getting your phone‚” he exclaimed. He drove her back to the thief’s Airbnb where she found the phone sitting on top of the outside gate. Becca believes the robber abandoned the phone after realizing the police were involved. Then‚ Raul helped Becca get a rental car so she could get home. Before saying their goodbyes‚ the two had spent eight hours together."Raul ended his Uber shift that morning to spend his day helping me‚ expecting nothing in return‚” she said in her TikTok video. So she used her considerable audience to ask followers to help contribute to a GoFundMe page for Raul and his family. Over the first 4 days‚ the campaign has raised over $144‚000."When I was in the car with him it seemed like we were both so focused on my situation. We were only talking about me getting a phone and like things that did not matter. And he completely glazed over the fact that his daughter and his dad were the ones that needed help‚" she admitted.On Friday‚ April 29‚ Raul's dad passed away from cancer.The story of Becca and Raul is a great reminder that no matter how big our troubles seem‚ it’s always important to put them in perspective.This story originally appeared on 05.03.22

There are few things as frightening to a parent than losing your child in a crowded place like a shopping mall‚ zoo‚ or stadium. The moment you realize your child is missing‚ it's impossible not to consider the terrifying idea they may have been kidnapped.A woman in New Zealand recently lost her son in a Kmart but was able to locate him because of a potentially life-saving parenting hack she saw on TikTok a few months ago.The woman was shopping at the retailer when she realized her two-year-old son Nathan was missing. She immediately told a friend to alert the staff to ensure he didn't leave through the store's front exit."Another friend searched the area he was last seen‚" the mom wrote in a Facebook post.The mother began looking for him by rummaging through clothes racks and running through the aisles.It was the "scariest 10 minutes of my life" she later wrote.But then she remembered a parenting hack she saw on TikTok by blogger Jess Martini. "If your child goes missing‚ screw the stares and start calling out their description‚" the mother recalled."I'm missing a little boy‚ he's wearing a yellow shirt and has brown hair. He's two years old and his name is Nathan!" she called out to the rest of the store while reminding herself not to "break down" in tears."You need people to understand you loud and clear‚" she said.The mother's calls immediately deputized everyone who heard them to begin looking for the child. It was like multiplying the search by a factor of 10. "I turned an aisle and heard 'He's here!'" she wrote. "I turned back the way I came and there he was. A man had walked past him after hearing me calling out."She immediately thanked the man‚ realizing that if she hadn't called out he may have never known the child was missing. "Nate would have walked past him and he wouldn't have blinked‚" she said.In November‚ parenting blogger Jess Martini posted a video sharing the best way for parents to locate a missing child. It's great advice because the knee-jerk response is usually to just call out their name or silently run around looking. @jesmartini PSA that I feel can save kids and I’ve used- if your child goes missing in public #momsoftiktok #PSA #nojudgement #fyp #4up #besafe #parentsoftiktok ♬ original sound - Jess martini "To all parents out there‚ if your child goes missing‚ do not search in silence or just call out their name‚' Martini says in the video. "Shout out loud and clear. Say they're missing‚ give a description and repeat‚ repeat‚ repeat!""Everyone will be on alert‚ and if someone is trying to take off with your kid‚ it will decrease the chances of them getting away‚" she added.The advice is a great reminder to make a mental note of what your child is wearing when you go out‚ so if they go missing‚ you can easily provide a description. It also proof that when a parent needs help‚ most people are more than willing to lend a hand.This article originally appeared on 01.27.21

Christopher Grady‚ a father and teacher from Toronto‚ was struggling with anxiety and depression. That's when he started drawing.He describes his early cartoons and illustrations as a journal where he'd chronicle everyday moments from his life as a husband‚ elementary school teacher‚ and father to two kids."I needed a positive place to focus all my thoughts and found that when I was making comics I felt a little bit better‚" he says.He began putting a few of his comics online‚ not expecting much of a response. But he quickly learned that people were connecting with his work in a deep way.The comics series called Lunarbaboon was born‚ and the response to the first few was so powerful that Grady was inspired do more with his comics than just document his own experience."I began getting messages from many people about how they connected to the comics and it gave them hope and strength as they went through their own dark times‚" he says. "When they look back…they probably won't remember what was said…or where you were when you said it. They may not remember any details of your time together. But they will remember that you were there…and that's what matters most.""Usually the circle of people we can support‚ help‚ influence is limited to our families‚ friends‚ coworkers‚ random stranger at the bus stop‚ but with my comic I suddenly found my circle of power was much much larger‚" Grady explains. "I guess I decided to use this power for good."Grady continued to draw‚ making a point to infuse the panels with his own special brand of positivity."Kids are always watching adults and they look to the adults as role models‚" he says. "I try to show (my kids and students) that even with all my flaws and weaknesses I am still a good person and I can still make a positive change in the world."Lunarbaboon comics tackle huge‚ important subjects with an effective‚ lighthearted touch that you can't help but smile at.Check out Grady's take on teaching his son about consent. (All images by Christopher Grady/Lunarbaboon‚ used with permission.)Here's one about parents being supportive of a gay son or daughter.On raising girls in a patriarchal world.And here's a sweet one about appreciating the heck out of his wife.Big topics. Important issues. Grady tackles them with humility and ease.As Lunarbaboon has continued to grow‚ Grady says the messages of support he gets have become increasingly powerful.He certainly doesn't claim to have all the answers to all the complexities of parenting‚ but he does say that "people like knowing they aren't alone in life's daily struggles. Most people who contact me just want to say thank you for putting something positive into the world."Grady doesn't expect his Lunarbaboon comics to fix rape culture or end bigotry. He just hopes his message of love‚ inclusion‚ and positivity continues to spread."My hope is that for the short time people read it they smile and feel good‚" he says. "Then I hope they take that good feeling and smile into the world and make it slightly brighter."You can check out even more of Grady's awesome work over on his website or in his newly published book.This article was originally published on 11.30.17

In 2005‚ a Croatian architect designed a 230-foot-long organ that turns the rhythm of the waves into actual music. Nope‚ not nonsensical bellows or chaotic tones. Real‚ actual‚ music.Most of us have never seen‚ or heard‚ anything like it.Imagine walking along the picturesque Adriatic Sea‚ treading lightly on a set of white stone steps as a cool breeze rolls past.Carved into the steps are narrow channels that connect to 35 organ pipes‚ each tuned to different meticulously arranged musical chords.As the waves lap against the steps‚ they push air through the pipes and out whistle-holes in the surface above‚ making a harmonious and completely random musical arrangement.But you don't see what's happening below the surface. You close your eyes and all you hear is a song like you've never heard before‚ one completely unique to the movement of the sea at that exact moment.Take a listen: Here's what it sounded like at one particular moment‚ on one particular day. On any other day‚ it might sound completely different.(Hit the orange button to hear it.)srb445 · Sea Organ‚ Zadar‚ CroatiaPretty amazing‚ right?The Sea Organ‚ or the Morske Orgulje‚ is an incredible feat of architecture designed to bring life back to one of the world's oldest cities.Zadar‚ a 3‚000-year-old city on the coast of Croatia‚ was almost completely destroyed in World War II –– so many of its ancient landmarks lost forever. Years after a rebuilding that featured lots of plain‚ concrete structures‚ award-winning architect Nikola BaÅ¡ić was brought in to bring some delight back to the coastline.That's when he came up with the idea.No doubt he was inspired by the hydraulis — a nifty little instrument built by the ancient Greeks that used water to push air through tuned pipes — or even the Wave Organ in San Francisco — a set of curved tubes built in the 1980s that amplify the gurgles and howls of the Pacific Ocean.But the intricate design of the Sea Organ is what sets it apart and makes it truly something to marvel at.This article originally appeared on 11.06.15