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Another Swastika By a Holocaust Memorial

A new study in mice has raised the tantalizing possibility that memory loss after a head injury could be reversible.Repeated head trauma‚ such as that experienced by professional football players and other sportspeople‚ is known to be a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease down the line. Taking heavy blows to the head over a sporting career – or during a stint in the military‚ for example – may eventually result in a condition called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)‚ which can come with memory loss‚ confusion‚ depression‚ and personality changes.But you don’t need to experience a serious head injury to be at risk of complications. On average‚ college football players receive 21 head impacts per week – 41 for defensive ends – and scientists are working hard to try and understand what even these comparatively mild impacts could mean for their future.A team of scientists at Georgetown University Medical Center had previously uncovered an adaptive mechanism in the brain that alters the way synapses operate in response to head trauma. This‚ in turn‚ can make it difficult to lay down new memories or recall old ones. Using this knowledge‚ the team and their collaborators at Trinity College Dublin have found a way to make a group of mice remember something they’d forgotten after a mild head injury.“Most research in this area has been in human brains with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)‚ which is a degenerative brain disease found in people with a history of repetitive head impact‚” said senior investigator Dr Mark Burns in a statement. “By contrast‚ our goal was to understand how the brain changes in response to the low-level head impacts that many young football players regularly experience.”To that end‚ they took two groups of mice and exposed them to a situation that would provoke fear. Once they had learned the fear response and committed it to memory‚ one group of the mice was exposed to multiple‚ mild head impacts over the course of a week‚ mimicking a week in the life of the average college football player. The other mice acted as a control‚ receiving no head injuries.After a week‚ the mice that had experienced repeated head trauma could no longer recall the fear they’d learned – but these were no ordinary mice. They’d been genetically modified so that the scientists could visualize the neurons involved in making the new memory in their brains – the “memory engram”.Even after all those bumps on the head‚ the memory engram remained intact‚ and looked the same as it did in the mice that had a head trauma-free week. The only difference was that the injured mice were no longer able to activate this engram.“We are good at associating memories with places‚ and that's because being in a place‚ or seeing a photo of a place‚ causes a reactivation of our memory engrams‚” explained first author Dr Daniel P Chapman. “When the mice see the room where they first learned the memory‚ the control mice are able to activate their memory engram‚ but the head impact mice were not. This is what was causing the amnesia.”Luckily for the mice‚ there’s a way for scientists to activate the engram cells manually‚ using lasers. Unluckily for us‚ the technique is too invasive to be used in humans – but‚ it does demonstrate that reawakening a supposedly lost memory is theoretically possible.“We are currently studying a number of non-invasive techniques to try to communicate to the brain that it is no longer in danger‚ and to open a window of plasticity that can reset the brain to its former state‚” said Burns.While these findings won’t lead to a treatment in humans any time soon‚ they’re an important step forward in our understanding of how head trauma can lead to amnesia even in the short term‚ and of how it might be possible to fix it.“Our research gives us hope that we can design treatments to return the head-impact brain to its normal condition and recover cognitive function in humans that have poor memory caused by repeated head impacts‚” Burns said.The study is published in The Journal of Neuroscience.

The year is 2075. The place: the Neil Armstrong International Lunar Base in Henson Crater‚ some 30 kilometers (19 miles) southwest of the moon’s South Pole. Chinese electrical engineer Liu Mei and American astronomer David Scott IV sit side by side inside a pressurized‚ six-wheeled‚ fuel cell-powered lunar transporter. They have just exited the station’s car airlock and are rolling down the Moon highway made of laser-baked lunar dust towards the 1-kilometer (0.6-mile) high crater rim to the south. The waxing blue marble hangs above the ominous mountains on the horizon‚ the familiar outline of Africa clearly discernible‚ as they begin their expedition. It will be a long day. Their destination is Shackleton Crater‚ some 50 kilometers (31 miles) away‚ site of the recently deployed Lunar Crater Radio Telescope‚ which has been reporting glitches and needs a checkup.They pass a new greenhouse‚ around which a swarm of solar-powered‚ 3D-printing robots bounce on the uneven terrain in the weak lunar gravity‚ digging up lunar dust that will be used to build a thick shell around the inflatable module to protect it from micrometeorites and cosmic radiation.In the distance‚ a field of solar panels gleams in the early lunar morning sunlight‚ sending life-sustaining electrical power to the base through a wireless microwave system. All of that‚ at this stage‚ is just a fantasy. But Moon exploration proponents are convinced that 50 years from now‚ the Earth’s natural satellite will no longer be just a desolate celestial sphere. The Moon in 2075‚ experts think‚ will host at least one permanently inhabited lunar station‚ similar to those scattered across the frozen Antarctic today. The more optimistic Moon settlement enthusiasts expect that by 2075‚ the first babies may have been born on the Moon‚ proving (or disproving) that humankind as a species can survive without our mother Earth.                                                           The case for the MoonItalian space policy adviser Giuseppe Reibaldi is one of those Moon settlement optimists. A self-professed Apollo-era enthusiast‚ Reibaldi serves as president of the Moon Village Association‚ a Vienna-based non-governmental organization that advocates for the establishment of a permanent human presence on the Moon. Since those Apollo-era days of his youth‚ a lot has changed‚ Reibaldi says‚ and the case for a lunar settlement now makes much more sense than it did 50 years ago.“In the 1960s‚ going to the Moon was a political goal‚” Reibaldi told IFLScience. “It was a prize in the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. But when the Americans got there‚ they got the impression that the Moon was totally inhospitable and didn’t have too many prospects. So‚ it was left alone.” Six crewed missions landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. Overall‚ the 12 American astronauts who walked (or bounced) on the Moon collected more than 380 kilograms (838 pounds) of lunar rocks and soil. In the subsequent decades‚ analyses of these samples with modern instruments‚ as well as observations made by later lunar orbiters‚ revealed that the Moon might not be such a lost cause after all. In 2012‚ the Indian probe Chandrayaan-1 found evidence of water ice in the permanently shaded regions of the enormous craters that pockmark the Moon’s polar regions. That discovery put the idea of a permanent lunar settlement back on the table. With water ice inside the craters‚ humans could exist on the Moon without having to bring everything they need for survival from Earth‚ a costly – and in the long-term‚ unsustainable – solution.                                                          “Water is called the gold of space‚” Reibaldi explained. “If you have water‚ you can make oxygen from it‚ you can use it for the crew or to grow plants. You can even make propellant from it.”But more has changed since the Apollo era than our knowledge of the presence of water on the Moon‚ adds Reibaldi. The leaps and bounds in the development of technology in recent decades mean that a whole range of countries‚ as well as private companies‚ now have plans to land rovers and experiments on the Moon. “The exploration and utilization of the Moon now has a larger appeal because there is a potential for developing a market‚” Reibaldi says. “And thanks to the technological development that we have seen‚ it is now possible to go to the Moon with much smaller budgets than was the case in the 1960s.”A busy decade aheadIn parallel to the US-crewed Apollo landings‚ the Soviet Union landed eight robotic probes on the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s. China joined the Moon Club in 2013 with its Yutu rover and later achieved a first by placing Yutu 2 on the Moon’s far side. India made headlines last year when its Chandrayaan-3 mission‚ in a historic first‚ placed the Vikram lander and its companion rover Pragyan on the Moon’s South Pole – the area with promising water resources. Japanese start-up iSpace made an unsuccessful attempt to soft-land on the Moon last year. Another Japan-led effort‚ the SLIM mission (for Smart Lander for Investigating Moon) by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency‚ is to attempt a touchdown on January 19. An entire fleet of NASA-supported private landers carrying all kinds of experimental technologies needed for human habitation on the Moon is lined up for launch in the next two years.If all goes well‚ these companies‚ Reibaldi stated‚ will one day be providing services to future government-funded Moon stations. By 2075‚ a thriving ecosystem may exist on the Moon‚ consisting of multiple bases at various sites – not just at the South Pole‚ but on the mysterious far side as well. Local resource utilization workshops will be supplying occupants of these stations with water and construction materials‚ as well as titanium and aluminum to make spacecraft parts. Launches to Mars may be taking place from the Moon in that timeframe‚ and high-tech farms will ensure a grown-on-the-Moon food supply.“The turning point is going to be the first baby born on the Moon‚” Reibaldi added. “I do believe that within the 2075 timeframe‚ there will be a baby born on the Moon. And that will demonstrate whether humankind can survive independently of Earth.”The roadmap to the MoonProfessor Ian Crawford‚ a planetary scientist and astrobiologist at London’s Birkbeck College‚ has more modest expectations. By 2075‚ he foresees a permanently inhabited station like those now present in Antarctica‚ and possibly a small lunar hotel for wealthy space tourists run by a private company like Amazon‚ SpaceX‚ or Virgin Galactic. “I think there will be a permanently crewed station on the Moon by 2075 with crews working in shifts perhaps every six months like they do on the International Space Station now‚” Crawford told IFLScience. “I do think there will probably be a permanent human presence‚ supporting a diverse range of scientific activities‚ supported somewhat by locally sourced lunar materials – like water and oxygen.”                                                          NASA is spearheading Western efforts to return humans to the Moon’s surface. Fifty-three years after the final Moon landing – that of Apollo 17 in December 1972 – the Artemis 2 mission was scheduled to make a crewed flyby of the Moon in 2024‚ with Artemis 3 landing the following year. Crawford‚ however‚ thought the timeline to be a little optimistic.“In order to land people on the Moon‚ which NASA hopes to do with the Artemis 3 mission in 2025‚ you need to have a vehicle that can land there and then return to orbit. Something like the lunar module from the Apollo era‚” Crawford says. “But currently‚ no such vehicle exists. NASA contracted SpaceX to develop this landing module‚ based on the Starship‚ but the Starship hasn’t even successfully launched from the Earth yet. So‚ I am personally sceptical that it can be done by 2025. It can probably be achieved by the end of this decade.”Crawford was quickly vindicated this week‚ with NASA announcing that the Artemis 2 mission has been postponed to September 2025. The next landing‚ NASA envisions‚ could take place just one year later. In 2025‚ NASA also intends to launch the first building block of the future Moon-orbiting space station – the Lunar Gateway‚ which will provide a base for future Artemis missions to explore the lunar surface from. By the late 2030s‚ 10 crewed Artemis missions may have taken place. Beyond that‚ the roadmap gets hazy. In its Plan for Sustained Lunar Exploration and Development‚ published in 2020‚ NASA introduced an early concept of the Artemis Base Camp in the lunar South Pole region. No date has been attached to this plan‚ which is much more modest than Reibaldi’s lunar village vision for 2075. The Base Camp‚ a gradually expanded outpost‚ could support crews of up to four astronauts for visits lasting a week or two at first‚ which could gradually be extended up to two months.The case for scienceXiaochen Zhang‚ a planetary scientist and PhD researcher in lunar resource utilization at the European Space Resources Innovation Center (ESRIC) in Luxembourg‚ agrees with Crawford that humankind’s expansion on the Moon will not be fast-paced.“Fifty years might seem like a long time‚ but in the field of space exploration‚ it's probably not that long‚” Zhang told IFLScience. “Developing missions‚ testing technology‚ it all takes a long time. But I think that in 50 years there should be at least some sort of a basic lunar base. There will hopefully be scientists studying on the Moon‚ doing experiments‚ and some sort of regular transportation between Earth and the Moon as well.”Zhang is currently developing a machine that could one day process lunar dust directly on the Moon and turn it into usable construction material that could be used in 3D printing. Her true passion‚ however‚ is science. A trained geologist‚ she likes the idea of participating in a lunar research trip one day.“I would love to study geology in situ on the Moon‚” she says. “Like taking samples during the day‚ then come back to the station and analyse them right there on the Moon.”Doing science directly on the Moon is a big draw‚ Crawford agrees. Just like Antarctic research stations‚ crewed outposts on the Moon would enable major leaps in humankind’s understanding of the cosmos. “There is a lot of science to be done on the Moon: lunar geology‚ astronomy from the Moon‚ life sciences on the Moon‚” said Crawford. “It would be greatly facilitated if there was a permanent supporting scientific infrastructure. A lunar base would provide that.”At the Astronomy from the Moon conference co-organized by Crawford in London last year‚ astronomers introduced a whole range of concept facilities that could one day operate on the Moon. A gravitational wave detector‚ a next-generation infrared telescope that would succeed JWST‚ or a radio telescope on the Moon’s far side could all become part of the lunar science infrastructure by 2075. Unlocking the invisible universe According to Crawford‚ the lunar radio telescope is at the top of the wishlist of many astronomers. The far side of the Moon‚ he explains‚ is the best place for radio astronomy in the entire Solar System. “That’s because the far side of the Moon never sees the Earth‚ so it's permanently shielded from all of the artificial radio noise that the Earth produces‚” Crawford says. “And of course‚ during the lunar night on the far side‚ it doesn't see the Sun either. And the Sun is the second most radio-noisy thing in the Solar System after the Earth. So‚ for two weeks every month‚ the far side of the Moon is totally radio-quiet. There's no background interference of any kind.”Radio astronomy is the branch of astronomy that studies radio waves coming from stars‚ planets‚ galaxies‚ black holes‚ and other sources in the universe. Radio waves are the type of electromagnetic radiation with the longest wavelengths. Schematic view of the Lunar Crater Radio Telescope proposal for the far side of the Moon.Image credit: Saptarshi BandyopadhyayOn Earth‚ humans rely on radio waves for a whole range of indispensable applications‚ including TV and radio broadcasting‚ radar sensing‚ navigation systems‚ and wireless computer networks. The Earth’s best radio telescopes‚ such as the Square Kilometre Array‚ currently under construction on sites in Australia and South Africa‚ are protected by radio quiet zones where no radio equipment is allowed. Still‚ these super sensitive antenna arrays‚ spanning areas hundreds of kilometers across‚ are blind to an entire portion of the cosmic radio spectrum‚ which is blocked out by the Earth’s atmosphere.“Wavelengths longer than about 20 metres don't get through the Earth's ionosphere [a part of the atmosphere] from outside‚” Crawford explains. “So‚ long-wavelength‚ low-frequency radio astronomy is the one last big unexplored part of the electromagnetic spectrum in astronomy because we can't do it from the surface of the Earth.”Astronomers know that a whole range of new discoveries are waiting to be made in this spectral range. One of the most exciting areas of research is what astronomers call the Cosmic Dawn signal‚ radiation emitted by the hydrogen gas that filled the universe in the first hundreds of millions of years after the Big Bang. In 2020‚ NASA unveiled a concept for the Lunar Crater Radio Telescope that could be built in a small crater on the Moon’s far side. A lunar war?But the US and their allies are not the only ones eyeing the Moon. In 2021‚ Russia and China announced separate plans to establish a permanent station on the Moon. Neither country has signed the Artemis Accords‚ a non-binding multilateral agreement drafted by the US government to ensure peaceful international cooperation around lunar exploration and settlement. The US Congress banned NASA from cooperating with China on space projects in 2011‚ due to fears of industrial espionage and security concerns. The partnership with Russia‚ which has formed the basis of the International Space Station collaboration since the 1990s‚ has suffered a major blow due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The possibility that Earthly geopolitical conflicts may spill over onto the Moon is a concern of many experts‚ says Crawford. He describes a scenario akin to the territorial dispute between China and its neighbors over the South China Sea‚ which is one of the world’s main flashpoints for armed conflict. “We really don’t want a situation when we would have a US-led Artemis Accords Moon base and a Russia-China Moon base within a few hundred meters of each other near the lunar South Pole‚” Crawford says. “Unfortunately‚ this is a trajectory that we seem to be on currently and I think this is a recipe for disaster.”But Crawford hopes that not all is lost. Although neither Russia nor China are signatories to the Artemis Accords‚ both countries have signed the Outer Space Treaty‚ which prohibits states from appropriating celestial bodies or their parts. Despite the current tensions‚ the space agencies of Russia and China are represented in the International Space Exploration Coordination Group‚ a global space exploration forum founded in 2007 with the goal of fostering international cooperation in space exploration.Despite the enormous technical tasks that need to be solved to make a permanent human presence on the Moon possible‚ Crawford thinks that the greatest challenge lies in ensuring that the endeavor is a peaceful one. “I do think that getting the politics right is more important than the technical aspects‚” says Crawford. “I can see these will clearly be possible by 2075. It's getting the politics and the regulator regime in place that is the real challenge.”

Despite its popularity among horror-movie mad scientists‚ electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is actually a legitimate treatment for certain mental health disorders‚ and is effective for up to 80 percent of depressed patients who receive it. Strangely‚ however‚ researchers have until now been unable to explain how the procedure works‚ yet a pair of new studies has finally revealed what’s behind the psychological improvements seen in ECT patients.The treatment involves the use of controlled electrical currents to trigger a short seizure in the brain‚ and has given rise to the greatly exaggerated silver-screen cliche of the evil doctor strapping his victims to a table before zapping them with blue bolts of electricity. First developed in the 1930s‚ the procedure has become highly stigmatized due to these misrepresentations‚ and is in fact much more discreet‚ targeted‚ and indeed beneficial than most people realize.“A lot of people are surprised to learn that we still use electroconvulsive therapy‚ but the modern procedure uses highly controlled dosages of electricity and is done under anesthesia‚” explained study author Sydney Smith in a statement. “It really doesn’t look like what you see in movies or television.”In the first of two recent studies‚ the researchers explain that while it’s currently unclear how ECT produces its therapeutic effects‚ the technique has been associated with a “slowing” of brain activity that can last for days to weeks following treatment. Using electroencephalography (EEG) to record the electrical brain activity of nine people undergoing ECT for depression‚ the authors discovered that this slowing is associated with an increase in what’s known as aperiodic activity.Unlike regularly repeating neural oscillations - generally referred to as brainwaves - aperiodic activity does not repeat in a reliable pattern and is often thought of as having little importance. “Aperiodic activity is like the brain’s background noise‚ and for years scientists treated it that way and didn’t pay much attention to it‚” said Smith. “However‚ we’re now seeing that this activity actually has an important role in the brain‚ and we think electroconvulsive therapy helps restore this function in people with depression.”Analyzing the EEG readings‚ the researchers found that aperiodic activity tended to increase after ECT. This‚ in turn‚ led to enhanced inhibitory activity in the brain‚ effectively slowing everything down and bringing about clinical improvements in depression symptoms. These findings were then replicated in a second study‚ which showed that both ECT and magnetic seizure therapy – which induces seizures using magnets instead of electricity – boost inhibition throughout the brain by triggering an increase in aperiodic activity. These findings are particularly relevant when considered in light of the so-called cortical inhibition theory of depression‚ which states that the condition is underpinned by a lack of inhibitory activity in the brain. This hypothesis is backed up by studies indicating that individuals with depression may have an abnormally low number of inhibitory neurons (which are receptive to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA).Summing up the results of these two studies‚ Smith explains that “something we see regularly in the EEG scans of people who receive electroconvulsive or magnetic seizure therapy is a slowing pattern in the brain’s electrical activity.” “This pattern has gone unexplained for many years‚ but accounting for the inhibitory effects of aperiodic activity helps explain it.”The studies are published in the journal Translational Psychiatry‚ here and here. 

Scientists have cooked up a new explanation for the explosive craters that have recently rocked Siberia. Trapped gas and climate change are still the prime suspects‚ but the new theory hints that a deeper geological force might be at play. Since 2012‚ at least eight circular “gas emission craters” (GECs) have formed in the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas of Russia. Many more are perhaps out there still lying undiscovered‚ although they tend to make their presence known by creating a large bang during their creation.  Some of the girthiest GECs are more than 20 meters (66 feet) wide and reach depths of 50 meters (164 feet). Internet cranks have pondered whether the craters might have been created by apocalyptic asteroids or aliens‚ but those claims have no credible evidence. The standard scientific explanation of the Siberian pockmarks is that they’re the result of a prehistoric lake buried underneath a layer of permafrost. Organic material became trapped beneath the surface where it was decomposed by microbes‚ generating heaps of methane gas as a byproduct. The permafrost layer kept a lid on the subterranean drama‚ but then came climate change. The average summer temperatures in this part of Siberia have risen by up to 2.5°C (4.5°F) over the past few centuries‚ which is even higher than the rising temperatures seen across the globe in recent years. The heat increases the rate of decomposition below the surface‚ plus it thaws the “ceiling” of permafrost. Pressure gradually mounds like a shaken-up soda bottle with a weakening cap. Eventually: boom! The permafrost becomes so degraded that the gas rapidly escapes and creates a gaping crater.  It’s a logical theory‚ but researchers from the University of Oslo argue that this explanation fails to answer why they’re only found in a certain corner of Russia. Instead of the accepted model‚ the team of Norwegian scientists believes that the explosions are the result of heat and gas that originate deep below the Earth’s surface. The geological makeup of the region means the hot gas is allowed to seep through geological faults to the near-surface‚ just below the permafrost layer.The climate crisis still plays a role in this theory‚ however. Just as the previous theory suggests‚ the permafrost on the surface has been degrading due to climate change‚ weakening the “cap” that previously kept hold of the hot gas. The end result is the same: boom! “Our model suggests that GECs form above local heat and gas conduits‚ where the permafrost is the thinnest‚” the study authors write.“Extra-and intra-permafrost processes contribute to pressure buildup‚ while climate change exacerbates permafrost degradation‚ leading to the deepening of thawed zones and an increased number of thermokarst lakes‚” they conclude.This is just one possible explanation‚ however. To test their hypothesis‚ the researchers call out for detailed surveys of the area to examine its permafrost thickness and internal geology. The study‚ which has not yet been peer-reviewed‚  was recently posted to the preprint server EarthArXiv.

The Guinness World Records have temporarily suspended their "world's oldest dog" title amid claims that the current title holder was not as old as its owners claimed it was.When Bobi passed away‚ an entry on the Guinness World Records website explained that he had lived to be 31 years 165 days old. While not a ripe old age in human terms‚ you don't find many dog millennials‚ and this prompted a few raised eyebrows from Internet investigators.On Reddit‚ a few posts on the Dogs subreddit questioned whether a dog could live that long‚ with some users citing the previous title holder only being an estimated 23 years and 7 days old. Several claimed that they had unearthed earlier photos of Bobi‚ and that the photos showed a different dog with white paws.Vets had questions too. Danny Chambers of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons told The Guardian that none of his colleagues believed the dog could be that old.“This is the equivalent of a human living to over 200 years old which‚ given our current medical capabilities‚ is completely implausible‚" Chambers added. "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence‚ and no concrete evidence has been provided to prove his age."Wired dug into the matter some more. Bobi's age had been verified by the Portuguese SIAC pet registration program‚ according to the Guinness World Records‚ but when Wired contacted the SIAC they replied that "at the time‚ the animal’s holder declared that it had been born in 1992‚ but we have no registration or data that can confirm or deny this statement."Vets spoken to by Wired also had questions about how an overweight dog lived to such an age (217 in dog years).Guinness World Records were already aware of questions about Bobi and had launched their own investigation. On Tuesday‚ they confirmed that Bobi's title of World's oldest dog had been taken away temporarily while that continues.“While our review is ongoing we have decided to temporarily pause both the record titles for oldest dog living and ever‚" a spokesperson said‚ per The Guardian. "Just until all of our findings are in place."

In the last few days‚ arctic air has brought below-freezing temperatures across many parts of the US‚ including Chicago and Lake Michigan. There‚ people noticed a very peculiar phenomenon: "Steam" appeared to form above the Chicago River and the lake. Prompting many to ask (maybe in the style of 4 Non Blondes): what’s going on?The first thing to say is that it is not steam. Steam is water vapor released when water is heated. What you are seeing is indeed water vapor – but we ought to be pedantic about its formation. The phenomenon you are seeing is closer to seeing one’s breath on a cold day. You probably wouldn’t describe yourself as steaming.       IFLScience is not responsible for content shared from external sites.Smoke on the WaterWatching the video (or if you are in Chicago or somewhere with equally cold weather and flowing water)‚ you are witnessing water vapor condensing over the surface of the water. This has been previously called sea smoke‚ but it is a lot more similar to fog than anything else.It forms due to the temperature difference between the cold air and the warmer water. At the boundary between the two‚ a thin layer of air forms‚ and in it there is some water vapor. Warm air rises‚ and the water vapor‚ suddenly in contact with colder air‚ condenses into fog in wispy structures across rivers‚ seas‚ and lakes.The best conditions happen when there is a big difference in temperature between the air and the water‚ like in Chicago right now. And it is easier when there’s little wind so that the condensation has time to take place and it is not immediately blown away.A More Technical Science Lesson Is DewSo why do you need those conditions for the formation of sea smoke? That has to do with the dew point. The amount of water vapor needed to saturate a certain volume of air depends on the temperature. The cooler it is‚ the easier is to get to the dew point. Beyond that‚ water vapor starts to condense. At high altitudes‚ we call this condensation clouds. At ground level‚ we call it fog.Fog and sea smoke are related‚ but fog forms in the opposite way – warm air over cold water. Another similar phenomenon to sea smoke is the sublimation of ice when in direct sunlight.All “explainer” articles are confirmed by fact checkers to be correct at time of publishing. Text‚ images‚ and links may be edited‚ removed‚ or added to at a later date to keep information current.  

In a heartwarming tale that’s as surprising as it is touching‚ a man finds a stray puppy after work and decides to bring it home. This simple act sets off a chain of events that wonderfully changes his family’s life forever. Captured in a charming video‚ this story showcases how love and patience can transform... The post Man opens his front door and invites in ‘trembling’ stray dog he found at work appeared first on Animal Channel.