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Space missions regularly test multiple new technologies in one go. It’s very common to have a single mission test out three or more new technologies‚ making them “flight-proven.” Unfortunately‚ that sometimes means that though one particular new technology‚ or even many of them‚ might succeed‚ one technology could work. At the same time‚ another one could fail‚ and that single failure might mean that several other technologies might never even get a chance for their day in the Sun. That seems to have happened with NASA’s first Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) mission. While the Vulcan rocket‚ developed by the United Launch Alliance (ULA)‚ lifted off successfully‚ the Peregrine lander‚ developed by Astrobotic‚ seems to have run into an error that jeopardizes the rest of the mission. This might just be a matter of experience – ULA has decades of it when launching rockets. While the Vulcan is its latest and greatest rocket‚ Lockheed Martin and Boeing‚ the two giant aerospace manufacturers who are joint partners in ULA‚ are no strangers to successful rockets. While the Vulcan is more powerful than the Atlas V and the Delta IV heavy‚ the current workhorses of the ULA’s launch fleet‚ it follows the same basic logic of its predecessors rather than taking the sorts of risks that have made Space X’s reusable boosters the darling of space enthusiasts over the last ten years.  But if the technology works‚ then it works‚ and the launch on the morning of January 8 counts as the first success for the Vulcan. That success comes after multiple delays from when development was originally started in 2014. Initially slated for launch in 2020‚ problems with engine development and the “Centaur” upper stage delayed the initial planned launch by almost four years. But sometimes repeated delays are necessary to launch a good product‚ which appears to be true for the Vulcan. The Angry Astronaut already has a video released about the lander’s potential problems.Credit – The Angry Astronaut YouTube Channel Astrobotic has had much less experience with utilizing technologies in space. Despite being founded in 2007‚ the Peregrine lander that Vulcan lifted into orbit was the first time its technology had made it into space. This isn’t for want of trying. It has received millions of dollars from NASA as part of its Small Business Innovation Research‚ Institute for Advanced Concepts‚ and CLPS programs.  It also tried to launch a predecessor to Peregrine‚ then known as the Griffin‚ through a series of launch windows from 2013 to 2016‚ but the mission never got off the ground. Several other projects have been canceled during the company’s history. However‚ as part of this current CLPS mission‚ the Peregrine is carrying five different NASA experiments on board‚ ranging from a radiation detector to a sensor to look for water and other volatiles on the lunar surface. Peregrine itself did make it off the ground and even into space. However‚ as of the time of writing‚ the company said it experienced an anomaly with a propulsion system that made it impossible to orientate toward the Sun correctly. There are two main problems stemming from this – first‚ the solar arrays on the lander aren’t able to get enough sunlight to maintain lander operations in their current orientation. Second‚ and perhaps more devastatingly‚ the propulsion problem itself could stop the lander from making a soft landing as planned on the lunar surface. SpaceFlight Now has a video describing the Peregrine lander that is having some trouble.Credit – Spaceflight Now YouTube Channel At the time of writing‚ the company was posting continual updates on X about the state of the lander. The latest update was that Astrobotic’s engineers had attempted to send a command to force the lander to reorientate toward the Sun‚ allowing it to receive enough solar radiation to keep operating for an extended period and thereby giving the engineers more time to figure out a solution to the propulsion problem. However‚ they were also entering a known communications blackout period‚ so it is currently unclear whether or not that orientation command successfully went through and whether the lander will be able to reestablish communications once it has passed through the blackout.  More updates are sure to come on the lander’s current state and also on what might have potentially happened to cause these problems. But one thing is certain – this will not be the end of CLPS‚ nor most likely of Astrobotic itself. Despite being a start-up spun out of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh‚ it is well-established enough in the space exploration industry for one failure such as this to not necessarily cause the company itself to fail. But‚ if it hopes to grow as robust as ULA at some point in the future‚ it will need to learn from its mistakes. Hopefully‚ when it does‚ that will result in a successful lunar lander mission for the US for the first time in decades. Learn More:NASA – NASA Science Heads to Moon on First US Private Robotic Artemis FlightNASA – Astrobotic Experiences Issue Aboard First NASA CLPS Robotic Flight to the MoonUT – Astrobotic is Going to Use a Vulcan Rocket For its Lunar Lander in 2021UT – ULA Test Fires its New Vulcan Rocket Lead Image:As part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative‚ Astrobotic’s Peregrine lander launched on United Launch Alliance’s (ULA) Vulcan rocket at 2:18 a.m. EST from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.Credit – NASA The post The First Launch of ULA’s Vulcan Goes Smoothly‚ but there’s a Problem with its Lander Payload appeared first on Universe Today.

NASA’s long-lived Chandra X-ray Observatory teamed up with JWST for the first time‚ producing this incredibly detailed image of the famous supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. JWST first looked at the remnant in April 2023‚ and noticed an unusual debris structure from the destroyed star‚ dubbed the “Green Monster.” The combined view has helped astronomers better understand what this unusual structure is‚ plus it uncovered new details about the explosion that created Cas A. This new image also includes data from the venerable Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The supernova explosion that created the iconic remnant only took place about 340 years ago. The new images and details were presented by Dan Milisavljevic from Purdue University at the 243rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society in New Orleans. This colorful view can be divided into the various colors‚ which represents different wavelengths of light that were seen by the different telescopes. The X-rays seen by Chandra are blue‚ and this data revealed the hot gas in the debris is made of elements like silicon and iron. Astronomers believe the X-rays come  from supernova debris from the destroyed star‚ which produced energetic electrons moving through the magnetic field lines in the blast wave. X-rays are also present as thin arcs in the outer regions of the remnant. The April 2023 image of Cassiopeia A (Cas A) from JWST’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) reveals Cas A in a new light‚ revealing the “Green Monster.” Credits: NASA‚ ESA‚ CSA‚ D. D. Milisavljevic (Purdue)‚ T. Temim (Princeton)‚ I. De Looze (Ghent University). Image Processing: J. DePasquale (STScI) The infrared data from JWST are red‚ green‚ blue‚ which shows infrared emissions from dust that is warmed up because it is embedded in the hot gas. The optical data from Hubble are seen as red and white‚ which shows the stars in the field. The outer parts of the image also include infrared data from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope‚ seen in red‚ green and blue. The astronomers who analyzed this data found that the filaments in the outer part of Cas A‚ from the blast wave‚ closely matched the X-ray properties of the Green Monster‚ including less iron and silicon than in the supernova debris. You can see in this image below‚ which shows that the colors inside the Green Monster’s outline matches with the colors of the blast wave rather than the debris with iron and silicon. The researchers concluded that the Green Monster was created by a blast wave from the exploded star slamming into material surrounding it‚ supporting earlier suggestions from the JWST’s data alone. “We already suspected the Green Monster was created by a blast wave from the exploded star slamming into material surrounding it‚” said Jacco Vink of the University of Amsterdam‚ who lead the Chandra work. “Chandra helped us clinch the case.” Chandra Image of Cassiopeia A‚ Labeled. Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO The debris from the explosion can be seen by Chandra because it is heated to tens of millions of degrees by shock waves. JWST’s data shows some material that has not been affected by shock waves‚ what can be called “pristine” debris. In attempt to learn more about the supernova explosion‚ the researchers compared the JWST view of the pristine debris with X-ray maps of radioactive elements that were created in the supernova. They used NASA’s Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) data to map radioactive titanium‚ and Chandra to map where radioactive nickel was by measuring the locations of iron. Radioactive nickel decays to form iron. An additional image shows the iron-rich debris (tracing where radioactive nickel was located) in green‚ the radioactive titanium in blue and the pristine debris seen in orange and yellow. They said their analysis suggests that radioactive material seen in X-rays has helped shape the pristine debris near the center of the remnant seen with Webb‚ forming cavities. The fine structures in the pristine debris were most likely formed when the star’s inner layers were violently mixed with hot‚ radioactive matter produced during collapse of the star’s core under gravity. “We’ve made the first map of the web-shaped‚ pristine debris in the center of this supernova remnant‚” said Milisavljevic. “No one has ever seen structures like this before in an exploded star.” You can see more images and details of Cas A at the Chandra website. The post JWST and Chandra Team Up for a Stunning View of Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A appeared first on Universe Today.

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