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YubNub News
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37 w

Last Chance To Save New York City From the Far Left’s Extreme Agenda
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Last Chance To Save New York City From the Far Left’s Extreme Agenda

The New York City chapter of the Democratic Socialists of America is nominating Zohran Mamdani for mayor, declaring that “it’s time for us to get to work to replace our corrupt, autocratic mayor with…
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YubNub News
YubNub News
37 w

EXCLUSIVE: ‘A Planned Terror Attack’: House Republicans Target DHS For Accommodating Lebanese Nationals
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EXCLUSIVE: ‘A Planned Terror Attack’: House Republicans Target DHS For Accommodating Lebanese Nationals

Readers, Instead of sucking up to the political and corporate powers that dominate America, The Daily Caller is fighting for you — our readers. We humbly ask you to consider joining us in this fight.…
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YubNub News
YubNub News
37 w

Dem Strategist Says Harris Being ‘So Scripted’ Has ‘Offended Some Voters’
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Dem Strategist Says Harris Being ‘So Scripted’ Has ‘Offended Some Voters’

Readers, Instead of sucking up to the political and corporate powers that dominate America, The Daily Caller is fighting for you — our readers. We humbly ask you to consider joining us in this fight.…
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YubNub News
YubNub News
37 w

Blue State To Offer Free Birth Control Using Multimillion Dollar Taxpayer Fund
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Blue State To Offer Free Birth Control Using Multimillion Dollar Taxpayer Fund

Readers, Instead of sucking up to the political and corporate powers that dominate America, The Daily Caller is fighting for you — our readers. We humbly ask you to consider joining us in this fight.…
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Survival Prepper
Survival Prepper  
37 w

Commentary on current disasters
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Commentary on current disasters

Researching current events and commenting on them through the lens of preparedness. Flash flooding, wildfires, and earthquakes oh my. First step in being everyday ready is to carry a car bag, get home bag, or bugout bag. Check out great gear options here at AL's. https://classic.avantlink.com/click.php?tool_type=ml&merchant_link_id=14649f20-5664-4b03-9229-c39c16cc675c&website_id=d32d110e-161d-4780-b941-28571e3ce471
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Science Explorer
Science Explorer
37 w

The Webb Discovers a Rich Population of Brown Dwarfs Outside the Milky Way
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The Webb Discovers a Rich Population of Brown Dwarfs Outside the Milky Way

This stunning image of a star cluster in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is more than just a pretty picture. It’s part of a scientific effort to understand star formation in an environment different from ours. The young star cluster is called NGC 602, and it’s very young, only about 2 or 3 million years old. This image lives up to the standard the JWST has set. NGC 602 is inside a nebula of multi-coloured gas and dust. The many energetic stars in the cluster light the nebula up from within, while its outer edges are dark. The cluster is rich in ionized gas, which indicates that star formation is still taking place. The cluster is different from our region of space. It’s a low-density environment and has lower metallicity than our region. Metallicity affects the heating and cooling of gas, and in general, the more metals there are, the more they absorb heat, keeping the star-forming gas cooler. Since stars form from cooler gas, metallicity is expected to enhance star formation. But there are many questions, including how brown dwarfs fit into this scenario. Do they form like other stars do, from the collapse of giant molecular clouds? Or do they form like planets from the fragmentation of circumstellar disks? New research in The Astrophysical Journal examined NGC 602 with the JWST and reported the first detection of a brown dwarf population outside the Milky Way. It’s titled “Discovering Subsolar Metallicity Brown Dwarf Candidates in the Small Magellanic Cloud.” The lead author is Peter Zeidler of AURA/STScI for the European Space Agency. Brown dwarfs are sometimes called planetars or hyperjovians because they’re more massive than planets but not massive enough to be stars. They’re also often called sub-stellar mass objects. For some reason, during formation, they fail to attract enough mass to trigger fusion and become full-blown stars. Identifying them in a low-metallicity environment is a chance to understand brown dwarfs and star formation in general in a different environment. An artist’s conception of a brown dwarf. Brown dwarfs are more massive than Jupiter but less massive than the smallest main-sequence stars. Their dimness and low mass make them difficult to detect. Image: By NASA/JPL-Caltech (http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/image/114) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons “Only thanks to the incredible sensitivity and resolution in the right wavelength range we are able to detect these objects at such great distances,” shared lead author Zeidler. “This has never been possible before and also will remain impossible with telescopes on the ground for the foreseeable future.” “Until now, we’ve known of about 3000 brown dwarfs, but they all live inside our own galaxy,” added team member Elena Manjavacas of AURA/STScI for the European Space Agency. The Hubble space telescope played a role in this work, and it’s not the first time the pair of space telescopes have created valuable scientific synergy by working together. “This discovery highlights the power of using both Hubble and Webb to study young stellar clusters,” explained team member Antonella Nota, executive director of the International Space Science Institute in Switzerland and the previous Webb Project Scientist for ESA. “Hubble showed that NGC602 harbours very young low-mass stars, but only with Webb can we finally see the extent and the significance of the substellar mass formation in this cluster. Hubble and Webb are an amazingly powerful telescope duo!” The researchers found 64 brown dwarf candidates in the cluster. They ranged from 0.05 to 0.08 solar masses (50-84 Jupiter masses) and are co-located with main sequence stars. The low stellar density in the cluster helped the JWST resolve individual objects. The observations are important for studying the sub-solar mass function at low metallicities. These figures from the research illustrate some of the observations. The black circles show the region of the NGC 602 cluster, while the blue circles show the control field. The top panel shows pre-Main Sequence (PMS) stars in red circles, while the candidate brown dwarfs (cBD) are shown in yellow diamonds. The bottom panel candidate young stellar objects (cYSO) in green. PMS stars and cBDs have the same distribution, while the cYSOs are mainly located on the gas and dust ridges. Image Credit: Zeidler et al. 2024. The concept of the Initial Mass Function (IMF) is central to star formation theory. It’s like a recipe that tells us how many stars of different masses will form in a star-forming region. The IMF usually follows a power law, meaning that more low-mass stars will form than higher-mass stars. It generally features a broad peak centred at the mass of the mean mass star. Usually, stars lower than one stellar mass make up about 70% of the initial mass budget in a region. But even small deviations in the mean mass can have large effects on the evolution of a star cluster. Stellar radiation from young stars can affect the mean mass by raising the temperature of the star-form gas. There’s some evidence that the mean mass shifts to higher masses when the initial temperature is higher. The data from this work shows that the low-mass objects in NGC 602 are well below the characteristic mass. The brown dwarfs have masses between 0.048 and 0.08 solar masses or 50 and 84 Jupiter masses. Since these brown dwarfs are co-located with the cluster’s young pre-Main Sequence Stars, it suggests they formed synchronously. This indicates that the stellar mass function continues into the substellar mass regime. This image shows roughly where the studied region is in NGC 602. Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, P. Zeidler, E. Sabbi, A. Nota, M. Zamani (ESA/Webb) Unlike other similar research, the team was able to accurately measure the ages of the brown dwarfs. Typically, it’s difficult to study the IMF below the hydrogen-burning limit because objects without fusion are constantly cooling down. That makes it difficult for astronomers to estimate an object’s mass because the effective temperature keeps changing. But by finding these brown dwarfs co-located with hydrogen-burning stars, Zeidler and his co-researchers found a way around the problem. It shows that the brown dwarfs are roughly the same age as the stars. That means the brown dwarfs and the main sequence stars all provide insight into the IMF and the sub-stellar IMF. This figure from the research shows the radial distribution of the PMS stars (red), candidate Young Stellar Objects (green), and cBDs (yellow) within the inner 60” from the cluster center. The main sequence stars and brown dwarfs are co-located and similarly distributed, while the YSOs are less concentrated in the center of the cluster. Image Credit: Zeidler et al. 2024. This first study is just their first step, and they intend on digging deeper. “The accurate selection of ages, together with the superb sensitivity and calibration of JWST, will allow us, in a forthcoming paper, to reliably study the substellar mass function, well below the turnover of the IMF,” the authors write. It’s all aimed at understanding how brown dwarfs form. If they can study the sub-stellar IMF in detail, they can determine whether it’s a continuation of the stellar IMF. Then, the researchers can answer an important unanswered question: do these objects form from the fragmentation and collapse of giant molecular clouds like stars do? Or do they form from the fragmentation of circumstellar disks like planets do? As of now, they have only a partial answer. “From this work, the colocation with the PMS suggests that the formation channel of the cBDs is the same as the one for their more massive stellar counterparts, as expected from solar neighbourhood studies: the fragmentation and collapse of the GMC,” the authors conclude. The post The Webb Discovers a Rich Population of Brown Dwarfs Outside the Milky Way appeared first on Universe Today.
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Science Explorer
Science Explorer
37 w

How Bad Can Solar Storms Get? Ask the Trees
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How Bad Can Solar Storms Get? Ask the Trees

One of the many threats facing space travellers and indeed our own planet is that of Solar Storms. At their most minor they can grant polar latitudes with a gentle auroral display but at their most extreme they can pose a threat to technology in space, communications and even our atmosphere. Now a team of researchers have found that extreme space weather can leave its mark in tree rings, leaving evidence that can help guard against future severe events.  The term space weather is typically used to refer to the changing conditions and events occurring on the Sun that can effect the space surrounding Earth and the other planets. The events are driven by the Sun’s magnetic field and can include flares, coronal mass ejections, and the solar wind. When the events interact with our own magnetic field they can cause problems for satellite communication, GPS systems and power grids. They can also produce the somewhat enigmatic auroral displays that gently dance across the skies.  Image of a solar flare (bright flash) obtained by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory on Oct. 2, 2014, with a burst of solar material erupting being observed just to the right of the solar flare. (Credit: NASA/SDO) Space Weather often creates energetic particles that, through the interactions of gas in the atmosphere, can produce radiocarbon (an isotope of carbon that is unstable and radioactive.) The process of growth in trees uses carbon from the air to create more wood. This is the process that leads to the creation of rings in their trunks. The team of researchers led by Amy Hessl from the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences has been exploring correlations between the annual tree rings and solar activity.  Tree ring records date back hundreds of years and have revealed evidence of severe solar storms known as Miyake events. The events bring with them an increase in the amount of radiocarbon in the atmosphere and it is this that can be traced in trees. The first event occurred in 774AD and another in 993AD and evidence in tree rings occurred 12 years ago. To date, 7 more events have been found dating back over the last 14,000 years.  Scientists study tree rings because they retain a record of climatic events and changes. They also record the Sun’s activity. Image Credit: Rbreidbrown/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA The space weather events are not just an inconvenience though. Humans should only receive a certain dose of radiation in their lifetime. If you’re unlucky enough to be on a high altitude aircraft flight at the time of a severe solar storm it could give you a lifetime dose of radiation in one hit. If you were in space, it would more than likely kill you! Theories of tree growth have assumed that trees absorb radiocarbon at an even rate. The team believes that trees take up radiocarbon in a different way, in a more biased way. They even found that different trees absorb the carbon isotope differently and the same trees at different locations were also found to be absorbing differently.  They studied different species; the evergreen conifer from Utah, bristlecone pines also from Utah, the bald cypress from Northern Carolina and oak trees preserved in a riverbed in Missouri. Core samples were taken from the cross section of trees to enable the rings to be analysed and data. Trees that were alive during one of the Miyake events would have recorded the event in the chemistry of the rings but possibly differently for different trees.  Studying the tree rings may give us a better understanding of how trees interact with atmospheric carbon and help us to better understand how to prepare for future extreme events. Surviving such events can only be possible through advanced preparation and it is hoped the study will lay a solid foundation.  Source : WVU researcher says ancient tree rings may help Earth prepare for dangerous space weather The post How Bad Can Solar Storms Get? Ask the Trees appeared first on Universe Today.
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Science Explorer
Science Explorer
37 w

Alcohol Can Trigger Serious Cardiac Effects in Young People
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Alcohol Can Trigger Serious Cardiac Effects in Young People

Drink less – your heart will thank you.
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INFOWARS
INFOWARS
37 w

Texas Sues Biden-Harris Admin Over Refusing To Verify Citizenship Of Nearly 500,000 Voters https://www.infowars.com/posts..../texas-sues-biden-ha

Attention Required! | Cloudflare
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Attention Required! | Cloudflare

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Clips and Trailers
Clips and Trailers
37 w ·Youtube Cool & Interesting

YouTube
He Improvises a Song and gets kicked out of the Party | Nacho Libre | CLIP
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