We must get to the bottom of the massive genocide waged by Big Pharma and the war on Americans from within. UTL COMMENT:- Talks about NWO genocide, yet he worships the man who initiated it? Hmmm. Sad, and just goes to show The Stockholm syndrome people have!!!! Win a 2024 Ford F250 Super Duty 4X4 "TREMOR" Edition + $10,000 in cash ONLY at TheAlexJonesStore.com! Enter now HERE! The Alex Jones VIP Club Is NOW LIVE! Save 10%-40% off everything at The Alex Jones Store while getting $40.00 FREE store credit every month! Learn more HERE! Get up to 50% OFF with my Trump Won Ultimate Victory Bundle NOW! This special bundle is packed with everything you need to stay strong and resilient! SAVE BIG on my Ultimate Sea Moss Capsules With Bladderwrack & Burdock Root! These capsules are loaded with delicious & powerful natural ingredients your body needs! My most iconic clothing design is NOW AVAILABLE as a limited-edition fundraiser T-shirt! Support the ongoing fight for free speech & make a statement HERE! HUGE! The Lost Alex Jones Tapes From 2001-2008 are NOW AVAILABLE at a limited-time $17.76 discount! This collection of episodes has been missing from the internet for years! The premium Trump Won Victory Collection is NOW AVAILABLE! Secure our comfortable hats, shirts and hoodies NOW and congratulate yourself for your part in the most important election in history! Take charge of your energy and your rest with Alex Jones’ Ultimate Balance Bundle – a powerful package combining his Energy Gummies and Sleep Gummies for total day-and-night support! Check out my fashionable and comfortable selection of shirts for women HERE! See our other products at Infowarsstore.com!

The anthemic song with an unlikely subject. The post ‘Magic of Meghan’: How Dry Cleaning announced themselves to the world in style first appeared on Far Out Magazine.

from Your News: U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres has urged world governments to adopt a global framework to counter online ‘hate speech’ and ‘disinformation’, citing the threats posed by unchecked digital platforms. By yourNEWS Media Newsroom United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres has called for an international effort to “rein in ‘hate speech’ and ‘disinformation’ spreading online,” […]

  The Pilgrims were Separatists, believing that the church should be separate from the English crown. Their view was a more “extreme” view of Puritanism. Puritanism was a view that the Church of England needed to be “purified,” meaning that the trappings and ceremonies of Roman Catholicism needed to be removed from the churches and Christian life in general within England. The separatists also tended to be Congregationalists, which meant they believe that local churches should make their decisions by common vote, not by rule of selected elders, nor by any hierarchy outside the local church. Most of the Separatist views put them at odds even with regular Puritans, and the Separatists were unable to worship in churches as they saw fit.   Why Did the Pilgrims Travel to the So-called ‘New World’? A painting of Pilgrims in colonial-era America. Source: The Foundation for Economic Education   Put simply, they could not find anywhere else to go. Freedom of Religion was rare – many countries, even if Protestant, still did not have what we commonly call separation of Church and State. Local churches still had state sponsorship or approval, and the structures of those churches were set in place many times by civic laws. In England, church attendance was mandatory, with fines levied against those who failed to attend. Due to these constraints, the Pilgrims had moved to Leiden, Holland around 1607, one of the few places they could practice their religion freely. After some time, they found that their children were more adapting to the local culture than their own, and the adults were having difficulty with the language and making a living.   How Did the Pilgrims Get to America? Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall, 1882. Source: Wikipedia   In 1619, two of these Pilgrims, Robert Cushman and John Carver, applied to the London Company for a land patent. The London Company had been granted the ability to administer territory in the areas of the so-called ‘New World’ claimed by England, and the men were granted permission, though there would be legal issues regarding the charter.   Through various logistical headaches, as well as some religious issues crossed with politics that were a smaller part of the religious tensions in England and Scotland at the time, the Pilgrims finally procured their passage on two ships, the Speedwell and the Mayflower. The Speedwell was an incapable ship, and could only make the voyage as far as Devon, in southwestern England. Its passengers would consolidate onto the Mayflower there and continue their voyage.   What Happened During and After Their Voyage? Diagram of passengers aboard the Mayflower, and those who made it to Thanksgiving in 1621. Source: TheMayflowerSociety.org   102 members continued the voyage, most of them either Separatist Pilgrims or their servants. The others who were non-Separatist were called “strangers” by the separatists, and most were on the voyage for economic opportunity. The Mayflower anchored initially in Provincetown Harbor, near Cape Cod. After exploring various sites, they finally settled on a cleared area that previously had a native village which was abandoned. It was in this location that the Pilgrims landed, began their settlement, and where the Plymouth Rock legend was born.   The area in which the Pilgrims settled was outside of the Hudson Bay area which was administered by the London Company, and several believed they were freer to do as they desired. Realizing they were not in the jurisdiction which they had originally intended, and unable to proceed to Hudson Bay, they wrote the Mayflower Compact, a basic document of cooperation which they signed.   How Did the First Thanksgiving Come About? Thanksgiving at Plymouth, Jennie Augusta Brownscombe, 1925. Source: National Museum of Women in the Arts, New York   The Pilgrims endured extensive hardships in their first year. A harsh winter, disease, inability to grow crops well, and poor cooperation all contributed to what was almost a failure. By summer of 1621, 50 of the 102 passengers who had set out had died. With assistance from local Native American tribes, including Squanto, who had lived among Europeans before returning to the so-called ‘New World’, the Pilgrims were able to produce a good harvest, and celebrated with the neighboring Wampanoag tribe. Making it through that first harsh year, they were able to not only survive, but thrive as a community and become an integral part of American history.

  The Spanish Inquisition may be a household name in history, but most people probably don’t know that it also had a branch in Mexico. The Inquisition in the New World set its sights on many of the same religious crimes as it had in Europe — polygamy, witchcraft, blasphemy, etc. However, it did have to contend with its own unique challenges. Colonial Mexico was a far more culturally diverse place than Spain was.   The following six trials from the Inquisition’s archives will illustrate the nature and scope of the Inquisition’s role in colonial Mexican life. They range from the seemingly unremarkable to the downright implausible. As we enter the chambers of the Mexican Inquisition, you have been warned.   1. Luís de Carvajal (1588-96) The Proposal of the Jews to Ferdinand and Isabella, by Solomon Alexander Hart, 1870. Source: Kestenbaum & Company   The case of Luís de Carvajal contains everything: family secrets, slavery, and political intrigue. It illustrates the minefield that was cultural life in colonial Mexico. Even social elites weren’t immune from persecution — especially if they adhered to a religion other than Catholicism.   Luís de Carvajal was the patriarch of the notable Carvajal family. His ancestors had been Jewish but were forced to convert to Catholicism by the Spanish Crown. However, their connections to a member of the nobility probably insulated them from the persecution other Jewish converts (conversos) faced.   By 1570, Luís de Carvajal had several years of maritime experience under his belt. In 1579, King Philip II granted him the post of regional governorship of Nuevo Reino de León, located in northern Mexico.   Depiction of a typical auto de fe by the Spanish Inquisition, by Bernard Picart, 17th-18th century. Source: The Wellcome Collection   What followed was a whirlwind of controversy. Carvajal was a distasteful man, known as a slave owner of Native Mesoamericans. As regional governor, he made many enemies. It was allegedly because of his slaving endeavors that his enemies brought legal cases against him. Ultimately, the slaving charges were not sufficient, but investigators did uncover Carvajal’s buried secret: his Jewish heritage. What’s more, Carvajal’s nieces and nephew still practiced Judaism. That was enough for the Inquisition to get involved.   After Carvajal’s arrest for enslavement in 1588, the colonial viceroy turned him over to the Inquisition. Carvajal stayed Catholic but was forced to take part in a huge inquisitorial procession (auto de fe) in 1590. He spent the next year in jail until his death.   However, Luís de Carvajal is not the only significant figure in this story. His nephew, who shared his name, might be even more intriguing. The younger Luís was deeply committed to his Jewish faith. He left behind an ornate spiritual diary; some of the pages are even written in gold leaf!   In 1596, Luís the Younger and his family faced their own auto de fe, and the Inquisition turned them over to the secular leaders. For the crime of “Judaizing,” they burned at the stake.   2. María de Armenta (1536-37) Topographical map of Tenochtitlan/Mexico City, c. 1550. Source: Library of Congress   The Spanish Inquisition didn’t firmly establish a branch in North America until 1571. Yet the Church did set up an inquisitorial headquarters in Mexico City within 15 years of the Spanish conquest. We could regard this early Inquisition as a test run for what was to come.   The investigation of María de Armenta is one of the earliest major Inquisition cases from colonial Mexico. The head Inquisitor was Bishop Juan de Zumárraga — the same bishop who would later recognize the famous Virgin of Guadalupe miracles. He charged María with witchcraft and blasphemy, based on the testimony of a widow named Ana Pérez.   Portrait of Bishop Juan de Zumárraga, with the Virgin of Guadalupe in the background. Source: Prabook   On October 11, 1536, María confessed to the Inquisition that she knew what she had done was immoral. However, she claimed that “she had not made any spells or enchantments on her own, nor did she know how to make them…” (Chuchiak, 2012). She also admitted to visiting several Native diviners and confessed to having had sexual relations with two brothers. The Inquisition sentenced María to take part in an auto de fe — stripped partially naked to highlight her shameful deeds.   Evidently, María was not entirely repentant. In June 1537, the Inquisition brought her in for questioning again. She had learned the core prayers of the Catholic Church, as ordered, but this wasn’t enough for the inquisitors. They perceived her delay in coming to them as an act of defiance.   In September, the Inquisition issued an order banishing María from all of New Spain “under the penalty of excommunication.” The order stated, “No one is to help, aid, shelter, or feed the said María de Armenta, now or in the future” (Chuchiak, 2012). María de Armenta fades from the record after this point.   3. Thomasa González (1692-95) An Inquisition trial document detailing the case of Joseph Pérez de Ugarte, 1603-05. Source: The Huntington Digital Library   According to historian John F. Chuchiak IV, it was not uncommon for Inquisition trials of supposed heretics to drag on for several years. The case against a woman named Thomasa González illustrates this point.   The Mexican Inquisition’s investigation into González lasted for three years, from 1692 until 1695. González was a middle-aged Christian mystic who dressed as a folk saint; those who testified against her accused her of experiencing fraudulent revelations. The case started after the Archdeacon of Guadalajara received word from a man named Juan de Soto regarding González’s activity in Cuquio village (Chuchiak, 2012). Juan de Soto and his family thought González was a fraud and a vagabond and felt compelled to report her to the Inquisition.   Our Lady of Guadalupe, a popular (and Church-sanctioned) folk saint in Mexico. Source: Carmel Catholic High School   The inquisitors scoured for information about Thomasa González for the next three years. They corresponded with local priests to track down Juan de Soto and his wife and verify that the allegations against González fully amounted to heresy. As a result of their investigation, the documentation that survives is especially detailed, describing the folk saint’s physical appearance and ethnicity.   In April 1695, Juan de Soto finally gave his testimony to the Inquisition. When told of González’s name, he recognized having seen her as a beggar. A month after de Soto’s declaration, the inquisitors brought in the merchant Juan de Ordóñez and his wife, Juana. Juana de Ordóñez, in particular, described González’s warnings of impending doom to the townspeople. However, she did deny that González had personally warned her of her own coming death.   4. Pascuala (1710) A panel from a casta painting depicting the union of an African man and an Indigenous Mesoamerican woman, 18th century. Source: ArtRabbit   One unfortunate reality of life in colonial Mexico was the existence of racialized slavery. Spain may not have participated in the trans-Atlantic slave trade as much as other countries like Portugal or England, but it did still take part. By the time our next case took place, racial slavery was well established in Mexico.   Our journey takes us to a sugar plantation near the town of Tlacomulco, in April 1710. On April 20, workers on the plantation informed the Inquisition of an enslaved woman named Pascuala. Pascuala stood accused of blasphemy, specifically “[renouncing] the Holy Virgin and her precious son [Jesus Christ]” (Chuchiak, 2012). Two enslaved men from the sugar plantation also provided their own testimony backing up the allegation.   We don’t know anything more about Pascuala’s life, but the primary sources indicate her blasphemous statements were part of a larger pattern of resistance. According to the testimony of one of the other slaves, Juan de Dios, Pascuala doubled down on her renunciation of the Catholic faith, “even if they whip me” (Chuchiak, 2012). She was apparently unmoved by the threat of physical punishment, preferring instead to uphold her own dignity.   If blasphemous statements can be seen as a mark of slave resistance, why did the two enslaved witnesses testify against Pascuala? Quite possibly, Juan de Dios and Francisco de la Cruz may have just been afraid for their own safety. In every part of the Americas, slavery was grueling and dehumanizing. The two men may have only wanted to survive.   5. Joshua Morton (1720) The Battle of Cape Passaro, a major battle during the War of the Quadruple Alliance, August 1718. Source: Royal Museums Greenwich   The Mexican Inquisition’s investigation into Joshua Morton is our shortest case by far. It wasn’t much of a case at all, actually. As far as the documentation indicates, the investigation was over within days.   Joshua Morton testified to the Inquisition in Mexico City on October 8, 1720. He was a young English sailor who had arrived in Mexico the previous year. He had traveled widely in Europe and supposedly had learned of the “errors” of his native Church of England while away from home. In Mexico, he sought out the Inquisition’s forgiveness and requested to be brought into the Catholic Church. Inquisitor Francisco de Garzarón authorized Morton’s reconciliation.   Morton was not the only foreign sailor to end up in the Mexican Inquisition’s archives. Another man, Jacob Fors of Sweden, was examined the same day. But how sincere were these men in their repentance? Did they genuinely want to become Catholic? Unfortunately, there is no sure way for us to know.   6. William Lamport (1642-59) Portrait of a Young Man in Armor, by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1620, painting erroneously cited as depicting William Lamport. Source: Wikimedia Commons   Our journey today through the Mexican Inquisition’s archives may be nearing its end, but surprises still await! This last case is lengthy and outlandish, even by Inquisition standards. It involves an Irish globetrotter, claims of secret royalty, and incitement to uprising. Our protagonist’s name? William Lamport.   Lamport was born in Wexford, Ireland, and received an excellent education. Thanks to this educational background, he left behind significant documentation of his beliefs and escapades. He traveled to Spain and integrated himself with Spanish court culture and the military in the 1630s. Among the conflicts to his name was a failed attempt to arm a Catholic revolt in Ireland in 1639.   A propagandized illustration of life inside the Spanish Inquisition’s jails. Source: The Wellcome Collection   Lamport left for North America in 1640, arriving later that year. He became acquainted with the Mexican viceroy, but their relationship would prove to be mutually antagonistic. Within a year of his arrival in Mexico, Lamport devised a seemingly hair-brained scheme: rally the dispossessed Natives and Afro-Mexicans alongside resentful Spaniards and take control of Mexico. He also claimed to be the secret half-brother of King Philip IV. However, his confidant sold him out to the Inquisition, and he was charged with sedition.   For seventeen years, the Mexican Inquisition held Lamport in its custody. He briefly escaped on Christmas of 1650, but the authorities quickly caught up with him. But why did the inquisitors deal with him in the first place? Sedition wasn’t a crime that they usually had jurisdiction over. Perhaps both the Inquisition and the civil authorities were afraid of the Lamport scandal becoming a public spectacle.   A rare depiction of a Mexican auto de fe, c. 1716. Source: Google Arts & Culture   At any rate, in 1659, Lamport’s day of judgment finally came. He was forced to take part in an auto de fe. After being turned over to the Crown authorities, he faced his execution.   Further Reading   Chuchiak IV, John F., ed. The Inquisition in New Spain, 1536-1820: A Documentary History. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.   Racine, Karen, and Beatriz G. Mamigonian, eds. The Human Tradition in the Atlantic World, 1500-1850. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.

  By the mid-20th century, America had established itself as the world’s preeminent military power, having achieved numerous combat victories during the First and Second World Wars. American forces, led by General Douglas MacArthur, entered the Korean War conflict in July and August of 1950 with confidence and an unmatched military record. But everything would change at the Chosin Reservoir on November 28th, 1950.   Pre-Korean War General Douglas MacArthur and Dr. Syngman Rhee, 1944 [sic], US Department of Defence. Source: Wikimedia Commons.   As World War II ended in the mid-1940s, the state of Korea was caught up in an escalating world conflict known as the Cold War. Following the fall of the Nazi Reich in 1945, the wartime alliance between the Soviet Union and Western nations, particularly the United States, swiftly began to break down. Disputes between the former allies resulted in new borders being drawn between communist and capitalist nations. A line was drawn from Europe to the eastern borders of Asia, including the Korean peninsula.   Following the defeat of the Japanese empire, Korea, which had been a possession of Japan since 1910, was occupied by the Allies and divided into administrative zones, with the Soviet Union responsible for the North and the United States for the South. The border was drawn at the 38th parallel, across the middle of Korea, and remains in the same spot today. In 1948, after attempts to forge a unified Korean state failed, each zone formed its own government, with the Soviet Union and the United States extending support to their political counterparts.   Lowering of the American Flag in South Korea, 1950, by Gene Putnam. Source: Harry s. Truman Library and Museum.   The Soviets backed North Korea’s leader, Kim Il-Sung, a Marxist revolutionary and major in the Soviet Army. He sought to establish a communist state similar to that of the Soviet Union, known as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). In contrast, the US-backed Syngman Rhee was president of the exiled Korean Provisional Government (1910s to mid-1940s, located in China) during Japan’s occupation of Korea. Rhee sought to establish a unified and anti-communist nation through the Republic of Korea (ROK).   Both sides claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea and aimed to unify the peninsula, which led to partisan conflict, particularly within the ROK. On June 25th, 1950, tensions hit a boiling point, and the DPRK launched a full-scale invasion of South Korea. The invasion provided the United States with a new opportunity to confront the communist spread.   Intervention and Military Successes The signing of the UN Charter in San Francisco, 1945. Source: United Nations.   In the aftermath of World War II and the San Francisco Charter of 1945, the United Nations (UN) was created to reduce the chances of another global conflict through a council for all world powers, where disputes could be resolved without resorting to military force. The DPRK’s invasion of the ROK thus presented a severe early challenge to the UN’s capacity to prevent and resolve conflict, especially since key members of the UN’s core Security Council backed opposing sides. Nevertheless, the UN made the decision to intervene directly and created the United Nations Command (UNC) on July 7th, 1950. Consisting mostly of US and British troops under the command of Douglas MacArthur, this collective force aimed to confront and repel the DPRK.   Within weeks, American forces stationed in Japan and on the U.S. mainland would begin moving into South Korea. By November, America and its allies had successfully pushed North Korean forces back well beyond the 38th parallel. Indeed, the UNC intervention was so successful that many DPRK soldiers were pushed across the border into China. The world, and especially the UNC, believed that victory was within their grasp. Little did they know, events would soon take a turn for the worse.   Intelligence and Developments Outside DPRK The first Chinese communists captured by the 1st ROK Corps, 1950, by Alex Klein. Source: Harry S. Truman Library and Museum.   Meanwhile, largely unbeknownst to the UNC, China was making plans to enter the conflict. UNC intelligence believed there were only 30,000 Chinese troops positioned on its perimeter. While there were clashes in early November, they concluded the Chinese forces posed no major threat. In reality, the Chinese numbered in the hundreds of thousands and were positioned within and around UNC perimeters. The miscalculation by the UNC at the time was twofold. First, their enormous underestimation of the number of Chinese soldiers within the area and, second, their decision to ignore or brush off the possibility of a military intervention from a powerful communist neighbor.   All of this would come to a head at the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir in late November. As 16,000 American soldiers, consisting mostly of the 1st and 7th US Marine divisions, settled in areas around the reservoir, a large Chinese army of 150,000 gathered to launch a surprise attack on the night of November 27th, 1950.   Battle for Chosin Reservoir Marines clearing a Ridge, 1950, by Sergeant Frank C. Kerr. Source: Wikimedia Commons.   Chinese forces had the element of surprise, and the 1st, 5th, and 7th Marine divisions soon found themselves in a precarious situation. Upon their arrival in the town of Hagaru, days before the attack, Marines began construction of an airstrip so supplies could be flown in. These supplies were to be stockpiled and used in the coming offensive against the DPRK. However, the Chinese forces struck before the Americans were able to resupply.   Indeed, their lack of material was so acute that even as Chinese forces attacked, American forces continued to build the airstrip while under enemy fire. While the town of Hagaru was being attacked, Marines in Koto-ri, Hudong-ni, Yudam-ni, and other areas around the reservoir also came under fire. Wave after wave of Chinese soldiers threw themselves at the lines of American soldiers. Some Chinese soldiers would break through, but the Marines were able to hold and defend their perimeters.   Carl Greenwood, 1950. Source: Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.   The weather would further complicate the situation for both sides. Although winter had not officially begun, temperatures had consistently stayed cold, dropping as low as negative 25 degrees Fahrenheit. Regardless of their winter gear, many Marines suffered from severe frostbite. Some would even lose their toes due to exposure.   Chinese soldiers were even more poorly equipped than the Marines. Most of the regular Chinese forces were assigned a two-piece uniform made of quilted cotton with a cotton cap. Footwear was also poor quality. They, like their American adversaries, experienced numerous cases of frostbite. While these circumstances were challenging, the cold weather surprisingly helped the injured by freezing their wounds shut. This allowed American and Chinese soldiers to continue fighting in this harsh weather for the next two weeks.   Task Force Drysdale 1st Division Marines return Chinese fire during the battle of Chosin Reservoir, 1950, US Department of Defence. Source: Wikimedia Commons.   In the days following the initial Chinese assault, while the airstrip was under construction, supplies for the 1st and 7th Marine divisions were desperately short. One Royal Marine unit from Britain, Task Force Drysdale, located south of Hagaru in Koto-ri, attempted to bring aid. Around 300 men and many vehicles left for Hagaru but were ambushed by Chinese soldiers. The re-supply mission slowed considerably due to weather and almost constant engagement with Chinese forces. By the time they reached Hagaru on November 28th, they had lost 61 men and 71 vehicles, but even with these losses, the American Marines welcomed the aid. The collective UNC force located in Hagaru would have to hold out for another two days until they could be resupplied by air.   Up until this point, the consensus amongst American leadership and media was that the war was practically won. General MacArthur especially felt the repercussions of his disregard for a potential intervention from China. The confidence and optimism MacArthur held only days before would spiral downward as the battle unfolded. Pressure mounted when US media headlines stated that American forces stationed around Chosin had been destroyed. The media even posed the question of whether this new development would lead to another world war. The US public was uneasy with how events were unfolding around Chosin, and while questions proceeded to be pondered at home, US marines and their allies continued in their fight for survival.   Breakout Withdrawal from Chosin Reservoir, December 6-11, 1950. Source: Wikimedia Commons.   By early December, it became apparent that all UNC personnel around Chosin needed to retreat south. As retreat was called, Marines around Yudam-ni and Hudong-ni gathered their few remaining supplies to regroup with those at Hagaru-ri. From there, they would move about 11 miles south to Koto-ri and onward a further eight miles to the Funchilin pass, where they hoped to be free from enemy harassment. However, the UNC forces were under no illusions. With extreme weather and almost constant enemy engagement, retreat would be slow and challenging.   Marines at Hagaru perimeter watch Corsairs drop napalm on Chinese, 1950, US Department of Defence. Source: New York Military Affairs Symposium.   As the 1st and 7th Marine Divisions commenced their retreat, the US Air Force proved vital in countering enemy attacks. A pivotal tool the Air Force used to cover their retreat was napalm. A highly flammable and explosive weapon made up of chemicals such as thermite, napalm ignited and burned at a temperature of 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit. In about 15 years’ time, napalm would be a key weapon throughout the Vietnam War. During the retreat from Chosin, napalm stifled enemy engagements into American lines and provided enough cover for them to continue their southward retreat. Yet these napalm drops also caused friendly fire casualties amidst the confusion and speed of retreat.   Napalm Strike during the Korean War, 1951, by US Air Force. Source: National Museum of the United States Air Force.   The emphasis on speed inevitably forced marines to leave many of their dead behind. As the wounded and a majority of the other surviving soldiers reached the rallying point at Hagaru-ri, the US Air Force once again came to the rescue by initiating air evacuations. Regardless of the losses, the gathering of soldiers around the reservoir into Hagaru was an important achievement. Separated friends reunited for a brief moment of celebration, which boosted morale. Meanwhile, the aforementioned airstrip was finally completed to the extent that it was possible to land C-47s. A total of 4,500 wounded would be flown out while the rest, another 15,000 men and 1,500 vehicles, continued southward through intervals of enemy fire and relentless freezing weather.   While on the road to Koto-ri, the speed of the 1st and 7th Marine Divisions would slow due to multiple obstacles. The enemy continued to impede their pace, but more problematic were the burnt-out shells of vehicles left behind from Task Force Drysdale’s earlier operation to Hagaru. To continue, these vehicles needed to be moved or maneuvered around under constant enemy fire. Further complications arose with the Chinese prisoners of war (POW) being held. At the commencement of the retreat, UNC forces held 147 POWs, but these prisoners would take any opportunity to escape. Many would die in the attempt, with only 13 remaining in the UNC’s hands. After 38 hours of marching and fighting, the Marines made it to Koto-ri, with 103 of their men killed and 506 wounded.   Funchilin Pass, 1950. Source: National Museum of the United States Air Force.   As Marines settled into Koto-ri on December 8th with their man-made foxholes, created with the help of C-3 demolition, more troubling news arrived. The last milestone into friendly territory was the Funchilin Pass, a bridge that had been blown up and reconstructed multiple times during the conflict. Once again, the bridge had been destroyed, and a solution urgently needed to be found. The Marines were exposed to enemy fire, and the weather continued to deplete what little strength they had. Lieutenant Colonel John Partridge, who oversaw the construction of the Hagaru airstrip, was tasked to build a new bridge in the Funchilin Pass.   The Marines in Koto-ri lacked the necessary materials to build the new bridge, and Colonel Partridge had to find a way to get them the supplies they needed. Given their position, the only possibility was to airdrop the bridge parts and hope that none of it shattered upon impact. Before attempting this, they conducted a rehearsal of the airdrop to confirm the bridge parts wouldn’t break. However, the trial failed. Yet, with time now running out, Colonel Partridge decided to deliver the materials immediately rather than spend precious time on a second trial run. Luckily, the bridge parts were delivered intact, and a bridge across the Funchilin Pass was constructed.   Airdrop during the Korean War, 1950, by U.S. Air Force. Source: National Museum of the United States Air Force.   In the following days, a long line of soldiers and trucks retreated through the Funchilin Pass into friendly territory. On December 10th, the men continued southward until reaching their final destination at Port Hamnung, where US ships awaited them. For the next couple of weeks, the UNC forces would gather their supplies and evacuate the area. By December 24th, all UNC personnel had withdrawn, and the port was bombed by the US Navy.   Casualties and Significance  Jangjin (Chosin) Reservoir Battle Memorial Side A, by Devry Becker Jones. Source: National War Memorial Registry.   The toll of the Chosin battle was staggering for both sides, especially for the Chinese. The total number of casualties from Chosin was 4,418 American casualties in battle and more than 7,000 to the cold. On the other side, 37,500 Chinese were either killed, wounded, or missing. While many died in combat, an equal or larger number of Chinese soldiers died from exposure and the freezing temperatures.   The Battle at the Chosin Reservoir was significant for three reasons. First, China’s military intervention changed the course of the conflict, preventing the DPRK’s near-certain defeat and prolonging the conflict by another two years. Consequently, General MacArthur was relieved of his command the following year.   Second, the battle demonstrated how domestic media coverage in America could influence its wars abroad and vice versa. This was a precursor to what would happen in the Vietnam War (1964-1973), when coverage would be amplified due to the introduction and proliferation of television sets.   Lastly, similar to the US soldiers of WWII, the 1st, 5th, and 7th US Marine Divisions, alongside the British Royal Marines, displayed immense courage and resilience against an overwhelming force. While the battle of the Chosin Reservoir was far from a military victory, it nonetheless stands as a defining moment in Marine Corps history.

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