I stirred the pot. The video I mentioned. What’s Going On In Northern Michigan? https://youtu.be/ZzS4NMLi6O8 Another related video. The Greatest Threat To The Great Lakes Region That No One Knows About. https://youtu.be/S58SFYm3SIs

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The theory goes that black holes accrete material, often from nearby stars. However the theory also suggests there is a limit to how big a black hole can grow due to accretion and certainly shouldn’t be as large as they are seen to be in the early Universe. Black holes it seems, are fighting back and don’t care about those limits! A recent study shows that supermassive black holes are growing at rates that defy the limits of current theory. Astronomers just need to figure out how they’re doing it!  Black holes usually form from the collapse of a massive star. The origin of their larger cousins, the supermassive black holes found at the centre of most galaxies, remains a mystery. Theories suggest they grew over billions of years by consuming stars, gas and maybe even other black holes. Others suggest they formed from the primordial conditions of the early Universe or maybe from dense clusters of hot young early stars. The immense gravity from them plays a significant part in shaping stellar formation and the evolution of their host galaxy. If a supermassive black hole is actively accreting material, they are often seen as quasars, extremely luminous objects that are visible across million, even billions of light years.  Illustration of a powerful black hole and its magnetic field. Credit: L. Calçada/ESO A recent discovery by a team of astronomers revealed a low-mass supermassive black hole that was devouring material at an extreme rate. The black hole is at a distance that means we are seeing light as it was 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang. This means we can learn about the processes that govern these objects when the Universe was a lot younger.  The black hole known as LID-568 was detected by a team of astronomers led by the International Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab astronomer Hyewon Suh. It was detected in images from the James Webb Space Telescope following on from assessment of galaxies from the Chandra X-ray Observatory’s COSMOS legacy survey. The galaxies observed are bright X-ray sources but not visible in optical or near-infrared surveys. The team used JWST’s NIRSpec instrument that is capable of getting a spectrum off each individual pixel in its field of view.  The Gemini North telescope on the summit of Mauna Kea (Gemini Observatory/AURA) The study allowed the team to make the rather unexpected discovery of immense flows of gas out from the region around the centre of the black hole.  Suh and team could infer from this that a significant fraction of the growth of LID-568  may well have occurred in one single rapid accretion event. They calculated that it must be feeding on matter at a rate which is 40 times the Eddington limit. The limit relates to the maximum luminosity it can achieve acknowledging there is a balance between the outward force of radiation and the inward force of gravity. When the two forces balance, it is known as hydrostatic equilibrium. If an object exceeds the limit then an immense outward force will result in it losing mass. When the luminosity of LID-568 was calculated it was much higher then should be theoretically possible.  The discovery provides an excellent opportunity for astronomers to study black holes in the early Universe and in particular those that challenge the Eddington limit theory. It would however suggest that the outflows of energy are acting to release energy that has built up during extreme accretion periods. Follow up observations are required.  Source : NSF NOIRLab Astronomers Discover the Fastest-Feeding Black Hole in the Early Universe The post Early Black Holes Fed 40x Faster than Should Be Possible appeared first on Universe Today.

Filmmakers love New Zealand. Its landscapes evoke other worlds, which explains why so much of The Lord of the Rings was filmed there. The country has everything from long, subtropical sandy beaches to active volcanoes. The country’s otherworldliness extends into its atmosphere, where a cloud nicknamed the “Taieri Pet” forms when conditions are right. The Taieri Pet is a lenticular cloud, a stationary type of cloud that forms in certain circumstances. They form in the troposphere when the wind blows over an obstacle, typically a mountain range. There are three types: altocumulus standing lenticular (ACSL), stratocumulus standing lenticular (SCSL), and cirrocumulus standing lenticular (CCSL). Each type forms at a different altitude. When the wind is forced to move up and over an obstacle, it creates a lower-pressure zone on the leeward side. As the wind moves, it creates standing waves. If conditions are right, these waves become visible when the moisture condenses. The Taieri Pet forms over New Zealand’s Rock and Pillar Range in the Strath-Taieri region of Otago on New Zealand’s South Island. The Otago region on New Zealand’s South Island is home to the Taieri Pet. Image Credit: Peetel, (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International.) The cloud is a common feature near the town of Middlemarch. It’s mentioned in newspapers as far back as the 1890s. Locals sometimes took Taieri Pet’s appearance as a signal that a storm was coming. This page is from the Otago Witness, Issue 2226, 29 October 1896. It describes the Taieri Pet as “our old prognosticator,” because it forms before a wind storm. Image Credit: No Known Copyright. The Operational Land Image (OLI) on Landsat 8 captured this stunning image of the Taieri Pet in September. Landsat 8 follows a polar orbit that allows it to observe the entire surface of the Earth every 16 days. This zoomed-in image shows the cloud and the surface in more detail. The image shows the Macraes Mine, New Zealand’s largest gold mine. Image Credit: NASA/Lauren Dauphin; USGS The Landsat satellites have been monitoring Earth for over 50 years from their orbit 705 km above us. The images and data are widely used by scientists, but they’re also beautiful portraits of our extraordinary, once-in-a-solar-system planet. Anybody can enjoy the Landsat galleries, found here. The post An Otherworldly Cloud Over New Zealand appeared first on Universe Today.

That's one big baby!