When you support our sponsors it allows us to produce more high quality content for you ... Switch It Up … Your National Level Grid-Down Service Provider Request your Solar PV system &; battery backup quote today ⚡️ https://switchitupinc.com/ William Tell Archery Supplies home of the Mini Striker Crossbow 🏹 https://williamtellarcherysupplies.com/ Nutrient Survival: The best EDC food packs‚ MREs &; brain food 🍱 https://nutrientsurvival.com/pages/survival-dispatch Contingency Medical: Emergency antibiotic kits 🏥 https://contingencymedical.com/?ref=17 Get the CONFLICTED games ☣️ https://www.conflictedthegame.com/ For ad-free‚ uncensored videos and exclusive content please subscribe to a Survival Dispatch Insider membership ... 🔥 https://tinyurl.com/mtna4n3v #survival #urbansurvival #shtfsurvival #prepping #gear Get the SD weekly Situation Report ✅ https://SurvivalDispatch.com/sitrep-signup/ ‼️Please check your spam folder if you’re subscribed to our SITREP Survival Dispatch Store 💥 https://SurvivalDispatchStore.com Survival Dispatch Website 🇺🇸 http://SurvivalDispatch.com All SD Links In One Place 💯 https://linktr.ee/SurvivalDispatch Do you want your product(s) reviewed‚ or would you like to be a guest on our channel? 📧 Support@SurvivalDispatch.com DISCLAIMER: The materials published on Survival Dispatch’s YouTube channel‚ Rumble Channel‚ social media accounts‚ and website (including any show‚ episode‚ guest appearance‚ etc. appearing within) are for informational and entertainment purposes only. The opinions expressed through this video or podcast are the opinions of the individual author(s) and are for educational and documentary purposes only. Please note‚ we have affiliate partnerships with some brands mentioned on our YouTube channel and Rumble and we may get a small portion of the revenue when you purchase an item using the links provided. FAIR USE: In the rare instance that we include someone else’s footage it is covered under Fair Use for Documentary and Educational purposes with the intention of driving commentary and allowing freedom of speech. IMPORTANT: All firearms footage is produced in a safe environment by highly trained professionals with decades of experience. These videos are strictly for educational and entertainment purposes only. Imitation or the use of anything demonstrated in our videos is done AT YOUR OWN RISK. Do not attempt to replicate the actions featured in our videos without the proper training‚ licensing‚ and medical professionals present. We are not attempting to sell you firearms featured in our videos. We are not instructing our viewers on how to modify firearms‚ accessories‚ or otherwise change their basic legal function. All firearms and accessories are legal products commonly available in retail stores across the United States. Our videos are for entertainment purposes only. We are not an FFL and DO NOT sell or deal in firearms. Such practice is heavily regulated and subject to applicable laws. We DO NOT sell firearms‚ parts‚ or magazines. © 2023 Survival Dispatch

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On this episode of SDN‚ our panel discusses the concerted effort by the WEF‚ and their minions in western governments‚ to artificially create a global food shortage. Then in the words of Klaus Schwab (who elected this son of a real Nazi to run the world?) "You vill eat ze bugs". Speaking of unelected pricks‚ who elected the low IQ head of the WHO (Tedros whatever) and Bill Gates to run our country and the entire world? Watch this video to get actionable steps you can undertake to avoid eating "ze bugs" and to help restore our republic. Panel participants include … ✟ Mike Sterling: 23 year Master EOD Tech US Army‚ counter-terrorism SME ✟ Jeff Emde: 26 year CIA operative &; intelligence SME ✟ Chris Heaven: Survival Dispatch CEO All of the links mentioned in this video can be found here … 🔗 https://survivaldispatch.com/youtube-manufactured-food-crisis-links/ When you support our sponsors it allows us to produce more high quality content for you ... Switch It Up … Your National Level Grid-Down Service Provider Request your Solar PV system &; battery backup quote today ⚡️ https://switchitupinc.com/ William Tell Archery Supplies home of the Mini Striker Crossbow 🏹 https://williamtellarcherysupplies.com/ Nutrient Survival: The best EDC food packs‚ MREs &; brain food 🍱 https://nutrientsurvival.com/pages/survival-dispatch Contingency Medical: Emergency antibiotic kits 🏥 https://contingencymedical.com/?ref=17 Get the CONFLICTED games ☣️ https://www.conflictedthegame.com/ For ad-free‚ uncensored videos and exclusive content please subscribe to a Survival Dispatch Insider membership ... 🔥 https://tinyurl.com/mtna4n3v #survival #urbansurvival #shtfsurvival #prepping #gear Get the SD weekly Situation Report ✅ https://SurvivalDispatch.com/sitrep-signup/ ‼️Please check your spam folder if you’re subscribed to our SITREP Survival Dispatch Store 💥 https://SurvivalDispatchStore.com Survival Dispatch Website 🇺🇸 http://SurvivalDispatch.com All SD Links In One Place 💯 https://linktr.ee/SurvivalDispatch Do you want your product(s) reviewed‚ or would you like to be a guest on our channel? 📧 Support@SurvivalDispatch.com DISCLAIMER: The materials published on Survival Dispatch’s YouTube channel‚ Rumble Channel‚ social media accounts‚ and website (including any show‚ episode‚ guest appearance‚ etc. appearing within) are for informational and entertainment purposes only. The opinions expressed through this video or podcast are the opinions of the individual author(s) and are for educational and documentary purposes only. Please note‚ we have affiliate partnerships with some brands mentioned on our YouTube channel and Rumble and we may get a small portion of the revenue when you purchase an item using the links provided. FAIR USE: In the rare instance that we include someone else’s footage it is covered under Fair Use for Documentary and Educational purposes with the intention of driving commentary and allowing freedom of speech. IMPORTANT: All firearms footage is produced in a safe environment by highly trained professionals with decades of experience. These videos are strictly for educational and entertainment purposes only. Imitation or the use of anything demonstrated in our videos is done AT YOUR OWN RISK. Do not attempt to replicate the actions featured in our videos without the proper training‚ licensing‚ and medical professionals present. We are not attempting to sell you firearms featured in our videos. We are not instructing our viewers on how to modify firearms‚ accessories‚ or otherwise change their basic legal function. All firearms and accessories are legal products commonly available in retail stores across the United States. Our videos are for entertainment purposes only. We are not an FFL and DO NOT sell or deal in firearms. Such practice is heavily regulated and subject to applicable laws. We DO NOT sell firearms‚ parts‚ or magazines. © 2023 Survival Dispatch

According to the most widely accepted scientific theory‚ our Solar System formed from a nebula of dust and gas roughly 4.56 billion years ago (aka. Nebula Theory). It began when the nebula experienced gravitational collapse at the center‚ fusing material under tremendous pressure to create the Sun. Over time‚ the remaining material fell into an extended disk around the Sun‚ gradually accreting to form planetesimals that grew larger with time. These planetesimals eventually experienced hydrostatic equilibrium‚ collapsing into spherical bodies to create Earth and its companions. Based on modern observations and simulations‚ researchers have been trying to understand what conditions were like when these planetesimals formed. In a new study‚ geologists from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) combined meteorite data with thermodynamic modeling to better understand what went into these bodies from which Earth and the other inner planets formed. According to their results‚ the earliest planetesimals have formed in the presence of water‚ which is inconsistent with current astrophysical models of the early Solar System. The research was conducted in the laboratory of Paul Asimow‚ the Eleanor and John R. McMillan Professor of Geology and Geochemistry at Caltech. The team was led by assistant professor Damanveer Grewal‚ the leader of the CosmoGeo Lab at Arizona State University (ASU) and a former postdoctoral scholar with the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at Caltech. Grewal and Asimow were joined by planetary scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)‚ the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)‚ and Rice University. Sample from a rare meteorite family revealing that its parent planetesimal had a layered structure with a molten core and solid crust (similar to Earth). Credit: Carl Agee‚ Institute of Meteoritics UNM/MIT Grewal and his colleagues specialize in studying the chemical signatures of iron meteorites to gather information about the early Solar System. These meteorites are remnants of the metallic cores of the first planetesimals that did not accrete to form a planet and continue to orbit within our Solar System today. Over many eons‚ some of these objects fell into Earth’s gravity well and ultimately crashed to the surface. The chemical composition of these meteorites is of particular interest since it reveals a great deal about the environments in which they formed. For one thing‚ the composition of planetesimals can reveal whether they (and Earth) formed closer to or farther away from the Sun. If the former scenario were the case‚ cooler conditions would have allowed Earth to retain water ice as a building block. If the latter is correct‚ Earth would have formed dry and obtained its water by some other means later on‚ which is what current astrophysical models suggest. According to these models‚ water was delivered to the inner Solar System via comets and asteroids billions of years ago‚ a period known as the Late Heavy Bombardment. While water is no longer present in these meteorites‚ scientists can infer its existence from the presence of other elements. These include iron oxide (FeO)‚ which occurs when iron is oxidization by exposure to water. A sufficient excess of water will drive the process further‚ creating ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and ferric oxyhydroxide‚ or FeO(OH) – the ingredients of rust. While the earliest planetesimals would have lost all traces of iron oxide long ago‚ Grewal and his team were able to determine how much was present by examining the metallic nickel‚ cobalt‚ and iron contents of these meteorites. These three elements should be present in roughly equal ratios relative to other materials in the meteorite‚ which means that any “missing” iron would have been depleted through oxidation. As Asimow explained in a Caltech news release: “Iron meteorites have been somewhat neglected by the planet-formation community‚ but they constitute rich stores of information about the earliest period of Solar System history‚ once you work out how to read the signals. The difference between what we measured in the inner solar system meteorites and what we expected implies an oxygen activity about 10‚000 times higher.” Artist concept of Earth during the Late Heavy Bombardment period. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. The team’s results indicate that meteorites believed to have originated in the inner Solar System had roughly the same amount of missing iron as meteorites from the outer Solar System. This suggests that both groups formed in a part of the Solar System where conditions were cool enough for water. It further implies that planets accreted water from the beginning‚ which could have profound implications for theories of how life emerged on Earth. “If water was present in the early building blocks of our planet‚ other important elements like carbon and nitrogen were likely present as well‚” said Grewal. “The ingredients for life may have been present in the seeds of rocky planets right from the start.” This represents a significant challenge for our current models for how the Solar System formed and evolved‚ which could indicate that conditions in the early inner Solar System were much cooler than previously thought. The results could also mean that Earth and its fellow rocky planets formed farther from the Sun and gradually migrated to their current orbits. However‚ as Asimow acknowledged‚ there is a degree of uncertainty when it comes to the study of ancient planetesimals‚ which means the results may not contradict current astrophysical models: “However‚ the method only detects water that was used up in oxidizing iron. It is not sensitive to excess water that might go on to form the ocean. So‚ the conclusions of this study are consistent with Earth accretion models that call for late addition of even more water-rich material.” Their study‚ titled “Accretion of the earliest inner Solar System planetesimals beyond the water snowline‚” recently appeared in Nature Astronomy. Their research was made possible thanks in part to funding provided by NASA and through a Barr Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship. Further Reading: Caltech‚ Nature Astronomy The post The Meteorites That Made Earth Were Filled With Water appeared first on Universe Today.

Astronomers working with TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) have discovered a planet that’s been left out in the Sun too long. Or at least half of it has. The newly discovered planet is tidally locked to its star‚ and one side is completely molten. The new planet was discovered orbiting a star named HD 63433. The star is young‚ only about 400 million years old‚ and it’s about the same mass and radius as the Sun. It’s also a G-type star like our Sun. The planet is named HD 63433 d‚ and it’s the third planet found in the system‚ though the other two were found a couple of years ago. It’s rocky and about the same size as Earth‚ but that’s where the similarities end. HD 63433 d is less than 500 million years old. That puts it in a particular category since of the thousands of confirmed exoplanets we’ve found‚ only 50 are estimated to be less than half a billion years old. It’s also the smallest Earth-like planet found this close to us. It orbits its star in about 4.2 days and is about eight times closer to its star than Mercury is to the Sun. The result? The side of the planet that faces the star gets no reprieve from the star’s powerful radiation. The planet’s dayside reaches 1‚257 C (2‚294 F.) That means it’s blistering hot lava and will likely spend billions of years in this state. This rules out any potential habitability‚ and habitability is the holy grail of exoplanet research. But HD 63433 d is more than just another lifeless exoplanet. It’s a valuable piece of the puzzle in the quest to understand how planets form and evolve. This type of planet is such an important target in science that TESS has an entire project aimed at them: THYME. The discovery is presented in a new paper titled “TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). XI. An Earth-sized Planet Orbiting a Nearby‚ Solar-like Host in the 400 Myr Ursa Major Moving Group.” It was published in The Astronomical Journal and presented in a Jan. 10 presentation at the 2024 American Astronomical Society Meeting. The lead author is Benjamin Capistrant‚ a graduate student in astronomy at the University of Florida. “Young terrestrial worlds are critical test beds to constrain prevailing theories of planetary formation and evolution‚” the authors write. The fact that HD 63433 d is half lava doesn’t change that. Studying it will help planetary scientists study atmospheric loss. Also‚ the light from its star is so bright that it enables accurate spectroscopy. This figure from the research illustrates how rare exoplanets like HD 63433 d are. The x-axis is the distance from Earth‚ and the y-axis is the planetary radius. Each grey circle is a known exoplanet‚ while each blue pentagon is a known exoplanet younger than 500 million years old. The yellow star represents HD 63433 d‚ the nearest‚ young‚ Earth-sized exoplanet discovered to date. Image Credit: Capistrant et al. 2024 “The apparent brightness of the stellar host makes this transiting multiplanet system favourable to further investigations‚ including spectroscopic follow-up to probe the atmospheric loss in a young Earth-sized world‚” the authors explain. The first few hundred million years in the life of a planet is critical. Young solar systems are dynamic places. Collisions between planets and gravitational interactions can force planets to migrate or follow eccentric orbits. There are also abundant impacts by asteroids and planetesimals‚ which can go on for a long time. In regions of dense star formation‚ neighbouring stars can even affect the planets in nearby systems. “Detailed observations of planetary systems in such environments are‚ therefore‚ crucial to understanding the general formation history of the exoplanet population‚” the authors explain. This artist’s illustration shows an exoplanet tidally locked to its star. The side facing the star is so hot it’s molten rock. Image Credit: NASA/Kepler Mission/Dana Berry Besides its size and proximity to Earth‚ why is HD 63433 d important? It comes down to exoplanet atmospheres. “Currently‚ one of the most important inquiries in exoplanet science is understanding in which circumstances planets keep or lose their thick primordial hydrogen/helium atmospheres and what physical processes drive this phenomenon‚” the authors write. There’s a mass gap in the radius distribution of small exoplanets that scientists refer to as the small planet radius gap. For some reason‚ there’s a scarcity of small planets between about 1.5 and 2 times Earth’s radius. There’s no reason to think that planets don’t form at these radii‚ so scientists believe planets lose mass and end up smaller. A histogram of planets with given radii from a sample of 900 Kepler systems. The decreased occurrence rate between 1.5 and 2.0 Earth radii is apparent. [Fulton et al. 2017] Planetary scientists aren’t sure what drives the mass loss that creates the gap‚ but two primary mechanisms could be responsible. One is extreme ultraviolet photoevaporation. Young stars emit powerful UV radiation that can drive the atmosphere away from a planet into space. The other mechanism is core-powered mass loss. With this mechanism‚ the luminosity of the cooling planetary core provides the energy for atmospheric loss. These cores start out hot due to their assembly and formation‚ as the gravitational energy that binds them together is converted into heat. As the cores cool‚ the heat can drive away the atmosphere. These mechanisms work on different time scales‚ and that’s why the youthful HD 63433 d is such a compelling subject for study. Since its radius is below the radius gap‚ it’s likely rocky. But if mass loss takes longer than 500 million years‚ it could still have a thick atmosphere. “Because Earth-sized planets orbiting young‚ Sun-like stars have so far been difficult to detect‚ HD 63433 d presents a particularly compelling case study for atmospheric investigations of close-orbiting Earth-sized planets‚” write the authors. This discovery is important because the planet is such a valuable target for future‚ more detailed observations of its atmosphere. “It would be valuable to interrogate the planet’s mass using precise radial velocities and determine whether the composition is indeed rocky‚ as expected based on observations of older planets‚” the researchers explain. The first step is confirming that HD 63433 d is‚ in fact‚ a rocky planet. The JWST has a role to play in this‚ as its MIRI instrument has already been used to capture the thermal emissions of rocky exoplanets. These measurements provide a benchmark astronomers can use to compare JWST observations of HD 63433 d with other rocky planets. “Moreover‚ the star’s unusual brightness should provide plenty of photons to make these sensitive measurements‚” the authors write. Most rocky planets‚ Earth included‚ are magma ocean planets after they initially form. Repeated impacts keep the planet’s surface molten. But some‚ like HD 63433 d‚ remain half-molten for billions of years. That may doom them to eternal lifelessness‚ but as this research shows‚ they have much to tell us. It could be the key that unlocks the mystery of the small planet radius gap. The post Half of this Exoplanet is Covered in Lava appeared first on Universe Today.

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