Now that spring is near, attract hummingbirds to your homestead garden with this hummingbird feeder recipe. Plus, here are some useful tips on feeding hummingbirds and keeping them safe and healthy. Hummingbird Feeder Recipe To Keep Hummingbirds Happy Hummingbirds are lovely little creatures that draw lots of interest to your homestead. I definitely enjoy watching them flitting around my yard, buzzing around my windows. The delight they give every time they're around is just totally priceless, aside from the many benefits they give to my garden. So, I always take the time to give them a treat that I want to share with you, as well as some simple tips. I hope you'll find this helpful!   The Best Hummingbird Feeder Recipe What you’ll need for the best Hummingbird Feeder Recipe image via justtherightsize 1 cup cane sugar 3 or 4 cups spring water Spoon Pan Directions And Tips For Making The Best Hummingbird Food | Mix water and sugar. Don't add food coloring! You can bring it to a boil or just enough heat to totally dissolve the sugar. Store the unused mixture in a refrigerator, it's good for about a week. Cane sugar is recommended, but beet sugar is acceptable. Avoid the use of any other kind of sugar, not the brown or turbinado sugar. And also never use artificial sweetener or honey. Spring water is a top choice, but it's acceptable to use tap water. If there are lots of bees attracted, adjust the mixture with five cups of water and one cup of sugar. During fall, hold up until there's no hummingbird even one for three weeks before bringing your feeders down to lessen the risks of late migrants.   These facts could help you out the next time you come across a bear! https://t.co/xam7SQcnp1 pic.twitter.com/iFXneYVB3K — Homesteading (@HomesteadingUSA) September 25, 2016   Tips For Nurturing Hummingbirds Hummingbirds cannot survive with only water, sugar, and nectar, they also feast on tree sap and eat tiny spiders and insects. Well, I guess supplying your hummingbird dwellers fresh tiny spiders and insects is not really your idea of a great time, so I've only included helpful tips for hummingbird feeders that will help you sustain your lovely little dwellers. Feeder Type and Size: image via Amazon Pick a feeder you are willing and capable of keeping clean. Search for a feeder that has the ports on top of the pool of fluid to avoid drops. Your feeder should match the size of your hummingbird population. If the feeder is not being used, don't fill it up. To help reduce territoriality, have more feeders that will support more hummingbirds.   Start your weekend with these cute teacup piglets! ???? https://t.co/dz1vda2Cci pic.twitter.com/TQlCbJslPh — Homesteading (@HomesteadingUSA) September 23, 2016   Hummingbird Nectar Freshness: Replace the mixture every 4 to 5 days, but more frequently if temperatures are over 90° F. If you see mold and your fluid appears cloudy, clean the feeder immediately and thoroughly. Remember that mold is toxic to your poor hummingbird. Location of Your Feeder: Make sure that your feeder is beyond the reach of cats and any other predators. To avoid predation, never put your feeder near the hummer’s nest. It would be great if you could place your feeder in a shady spot and where you see it. You know how fun it is to watch your hummingbird feed. Maintenance of Your Feeder image via grateful prayer thankful heart Always clean feeders between refillings, never “top off” without cleaning. When cleaning, use water and mild detergent, make sure to rinse thoroughly. Soak the feeder in bleach and water solution every once a month. If ants are attracted to your feeder, you can use a moat or ant guard to stop them.   Want more tips for making hummingbird feeders and keeping them clean? Then watch this video from StarryHilder: There you go, my fellow homesteaders, a hummingbird feeder recipe, and useful tips to attract hummingbirds to your homestead garden! Having hummingbirds around your homestead only shows your heart for little creatures and the happiness surrounding your homestead. Don't just let them pass by but welcome them into your homestead. Happy homesteading! Thanks for checking our Hummingbird Feeder Recipe And More For The Outdoorsy Homesteader post! Did you find it helpful and interesting? Let us know in the comments below. Want to become a better host for your feathery friends? Protect their food from the nasty squirrels and ensure that only them get to enjoy your treat. Check out squirrel proof bird feeder ideas to help you out! Follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, and Twitter!   Featured Image via gardenharvestsupply

Click to Skip Ahead Overview Potential Benefits Potential Dangers When to Call the Vet Nutrition is becoming a real spotlight these days when it comes to our pets. As pet parents, we strive to learn all we can about the best products and ways we can keep our dogs nutritionally sound. Since water is the main source of hydration for our dogs, we want to make sure they’re getting a healthy option. You might have heard about alkaline water, but you might wonder if it’s safe for our canine friends. Alkaline water is generally safe for dogs, but the potential benefits have not really been studied in dogs, only humans, and even then, the benefits are unclear. In this article, we’re going to explain what alkaline water can potentially do for our dog’s bodies and if you should avoid it.   Why Can Dogs Have Alkaline Water? Dogs can safely have alkaline water in moderation. While there haven’t been a ton of studies on the subject yet, the mineral and electrolyte content alone are worth it. However, the jury is still out on whether alkaline water is suitable for your dog every time they drink water. One thing we know for sure is that alkaline water may have several potential benefits for dogs. But these have not been studied extensively. Potential Benefits of Serving Alkaline Water to Dogs Before you pour the alkaline water in your dog’s food bowl, you should know what to expect as far as results. Even though you might not notice a miracle straight away, there is really a lot going on under the radar. There could be a few benefits to your dog drinking alkaline water—but moderation is key. Your pup shouldn’t have alkaline water for every bowl refill, as their bodies simply don’t need that strong of a pH. Image Credit: LightField Studios, Shutterstock Alkaline Water Can Neutralize Excess Acidity Alkaline water usually has a pH of between 8 and 9. Because alkalinity is opposite of acidity, alkaline water is thought to naturally reduce the amount of acid in the body over time. High acidity levels can cause all sorts of unwanted symptoms, like: Nausea Vomiting Bloating Abdominal discomfort Diarrhea Heartburn Decreased appetite Unexplained weight loss If your dog’s body starts to neutralize itself, you might notice a decrease in these signs. Image Credit: Krasula, Shutterstock It Delivers Electrolytes and Minerals Alkaline water is full of natural minerals and electrolytes. This may help improve digestion and boost metabolism. Your dog may be more active, alert, and energetic after a few short weeks. Alkaline Water Allows More Absorption Because body tissue absorbs alkaline water so well, it may increase overall hydration. Since hydration is totally vital to the wellbeing of our pets, a little extra can only help. Plus, a lot of our dogs don’t drink the appropriate levels of water on a daily basis anyway. Any little bit helps! Potential Dangers of Alkaline Water for Dogs Of course, if your dog gulps down a cup full of alkaline water, it won’t hurt them—but they shouldn’t drink it on a daily basis. Why’s that? Research has shown a few areas of alkaline water are doing more harm than good. Alkaline Water Can Interfere with Medications Because alkaline water impacts your dog’s metabolism, you should never offer it to them while they are on any medications. It can lead to the increase of medicine effectiveness in the body, which can in turn have an exaggerated effect. Image Credit: Soho A Studio, Shutterstock Avoid Alkaline Water While Nursing Alkaline water isn’t good for nursing mothers. So, if you have a mother feeding her young, it’s best to steer clear of this type of water. Instead, select natural spring water for optimal hydration. When in Doubt, Call the Vet We are lucky to have such awesome professionals on standby ready to help us with our canine pals. So, if you just aren’t sure about all this alkaline water business, ask your vet for an explanation of the benefits and downfalls. Your vet might have some additional information or experience that can provide a solid opinion. Plus, with your individual dog, there may be other factors to consider that are directly related to their health. Image Credit: Pixel-Shot, Shutterstock Make Sure Your Dog’s Water Bowl Is Clean Daily No matter if you choose to give your dog mostly alkaline water, spring water, filtered water, or a mix of all—having a clean water bowl is the most important thing. These bowls can quickly grow bacteria and all sorts of other funky stuff, which can lead to icky sickness. So, the type of water you offer your dog is slightly less important than the cleanliness of the bowl! Wash your dog’s water bowl every few days thoroughly or even opt for a water fountain to provide filtration. Conclusion Now, you understand the details of offering alkaline water to your dog. Remember, most studies of alkaline water have been done in humans, not dogs, and there still isn’t a lot of information available. It can potentially have its benefits over time. However, it can also potentially cause negative effects in high quantities or over time. Before ever making changes to your dog’s diet, you should always consult with your vet to determine the best course of action. Sources https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/is-alkaline-water-better https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/healthy-living/nutrition/alkaline-water-benefits https://annarborholistichealth.com/2015-4-29-the-effect-of-body-acidity-on-health/ https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/alkaline-water-benefits-risks https://www.forbes.com/health/nutrition/alkaline-water/#:~:text=Interference%20with%20medication%20absorption.&text=If%20the%20pH%20of%20the,not%20being%20absorbed%20fast%20enough.   Featured Image Credit: Gorodenkoff, Shutterstock The post Can Dogs Drink Alkaline Water? Nutrition Facts & FAQ appeared first on PangoVet.

Female gibbons appear to do robot dances for attention, scientists discover.

Scott Stevens, a twenty year veteran television weatherman. He is an investigative journalist and weatherman who has work for ABC, NBC, and CBS affiliates in America... He is also is a Futurist. In 2004 Scott Stevens went public with what he saw as overt and highly detailed weather manipulation. Source; https://rumble.com/v4ei8au-geoengeneering-scott-stevens-worked-as-a-meteorologist-for-20-years.html And Scott's YouTube channel at: https://www.youtube.com/@WeatherWars

The sophisticated side of pop. The post George Michael on the two best lyrics he ever wrote first appeared on Far Out Magazine.

Emerson, Lake & Palmer were noted for Rockin’ classical works (“Hoedown,” “Fanfare For The Common Man” and “Pictures At An Exhibition”) and even the “Peter Gunn Theme” from the late-50’s/early-60’s TV detective series. Emerson, Lake & Palmer were prime exponents of the Art-Rock movement. They were also known for flamboyant performances, extended solos, time signature and key changes along with Keith Emerson’s knifing his equipment (organs, pianos, speakers, amps, etc.) and toppling it all over.ELP was a semi-supergroup in that the three members came from bands that while known, had failed to break through. So this was their chance. Emerson was from The Nice, guitarist/bassist Greg Lake had been in the King Crimson and heavy-duty drummer Carl Palmer did time in the Crazy World of Arthur Brown and Atomic Rooster. Karn Evil 9 Their best studio efforts were “Emerson, Lake & Palmer” (their debut), “Trilogy” and “Brain Salad Surgery” featuring “Karn Evil 9” (“welcome back my friends to the show that never ends”). The songs are focused and ELP is in its most Rock oriented mode. ELP’s ballads like “Lucky Man” from their debut, “From The Beginning” on “Trilogy” and “Still… You Turn Me On” from “Brain Salad Surgery” are a large part of the group’s legacy. Lucky Man From The Beginning Of course, the concept wore out and the group disappeared only to return in the ’80s with Cozy Powell on drums. One suspects he was selected so the group could keep the ELP moniker. Eventually, Palmer wandered back for a reunion tour. ### The post Emerson, Lake & Palmer appeared first on RockinTown.

from The National Pulse: The North Carolina State Board of Elections is probing allegations of voter registration fraud, according to a Brunswick County elections official. Sara LaVere, director of the Brunswick County Board of Elections, stated that 18 individuals contacted her office about not filling out forms submitted under their names. “We noticed some information that was […]

  The Republican Party was created in 1854 out of a coalition of anti-slavery activists, former Whigs, Free Soilers, and Northern Democrats who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery into Western territories. While it did not win its first attempt at the presidential election in 1856, its success in 1860 would make history—for good and bad reasons.   Antebellum America The Family of Slaves at the Gaines’ House, photo by G.H. Houghton, 1862. Source: Library of Congress   The period in the United States history between the War of 1812 and the start of the Civil War was one of tumultuous politics and sectionalist divide over the social and economic implications of slavery. While the North had become industrialized on the backs of free labor, the South continued relying on slavery to drive its agricultural economy.   While the institution existed in the United States since its inception, by the 1820s, some states, particularly in the North, began to pass emancipation laws. At the same time, the South’s dependence on slavery only deepened with the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, and hence, so did pro-slavery arguments.   The ardent supporters of the institution now faced a growing abolitionist movement out of the North, advocating for the immediate end of slavery. The surge of westward expansion further exacerbated the North and South divisions and the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions. Passed in 1820, the Missouri Compromise temporarily quelled the rising tensions when it maintained the balance between slave and free states and established a line of latitude of 36°30′ north within the western lands of the former Louisiana Purchase, above which slavery would be prohibited.   The compromise was later amended through the Compromise of 1850 when the Western frontier extended to the Pacific Ocean following the acquisition of new land after the Mexican-American War. By then, the nation’s political landscape was dominated by two political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs. While the former supported the Southern interests, the latter’s division on the issue according to geographical lines ultimately led to the party’s downfall.   Kansas-Nebraska Act and a New Coalition Reynolds’s Political Map of the United States (1856) shows free and slave states and populations. Source: Library of Congress   The real issue came to a head in 1854 with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglass. This act allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether to allow slavery through popular sovereignty. The delicate balance maintained by the 1820 Missouri Compromise was no more, and the stage was set for the emergence of a new political party.   The outraged Northerners were now afraid that the expansion of slavery, the very thing they had tried to prevent in 1820, would now spread into new territories. Even the more moderate anti-slavery proponents, who only viewed the institution on economic terms and not moral, saw the potential of its spread nationwide, undermining free labor and the ideals of liberty and equality.   In response to the violence, the newspapers dubbed “Bleeding Kansas,” where pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers rushed to the region to influence the outcome of its first election called to decide the question of slavery within its territory, the social polarization finally entered the political arena.   Pointing to the inadequacy of both the Whig and Democratic Party’s inability to address the pressing issues tearing the nation apart, a new political coalition took shape. It was composed of a diverse array of groups, including the anti-slavery activists for the abolition of slavery, former Northern industrialist Whigs escaping the now-defunct party, and Free Soilers calling for the prevention of slavery’s expansion into western territories. Together with Northern Democrats, who were increasingly at odds with their Southern constituents, the coalition merged into a new political party: the Republicans.   The Republican Party Republican mascot, elephant Judy, taken in 1911. Source: Library of Congress   The Republican Party became a reality on March 20, 1854, in Ripon, Wisconsin, bringing together all those in opposition to not only the Kansas-Nebraska Act but also the expansion of slavery. Chosen for evoking the American Revolution and Thomas Jefferson’s ideal of liberty as expressed in the Declaration of Independence, the name “Republican” came to represent the new coalition’s opposition to the Democratic Party’s pro-South agenda through its commitment to the principles of free labor, individual rights, and equality.   While the party’s platform promoted economic modernization, infrastructure projects, and free labor, it was its opposition to the spread of slavery that would immortalize its place in American history. So as not to alienate those less radical than the abolitionists among them, the party argued that the spread of slavery into Western territories was not just immoral but also a threat to the economic opportunities of free laborers. What is often overshadowed by its adoption of the Free Soil Doctrine was the Republican party’s support of free labor, which its proponents saw as the cornerstone of American democracy, which encouraged innovation, self-reliance, and economic stability.   After quickly gaining traction, the Republican Party put John C. Fremont on the presidential ticket in the 1856 election. Their slogan, “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Men, Fremont!” resonated with many Northern voters but proved too little to dislodge the Democrats from power. As James Buchanan took up the mantle as the newest president of the United States, the Republicans returned to the drawing board to find another champion. It just so happened that one was already right under their noses.   Abraham Lincoln and the Election of 1860 Picture of President Abraham Lincoln by Moses Parker Rice, November 8, 1863. Source: Mead Art Museum, Amherst, MA   While many constituents saw Fremont as too radical in 1856, Abraham Lincoln, a former Illinois congressman and his Republican replacement on the 1860 ticket, was a moderate on the slavery issue. Having made a name for himself through much-publicized debates against Senator Stephen A. Douglass for a congressional seat in 1858, Lincoln’s expressive opposition to the spread of slavery while allowing it to remain where it already existed garnered him much support, even in border states.   With the Democratic Party divided along geographical lines, between those in the North backing Stephen A. Douglass and those in the South, John C. Breckinridge, the new Republican party’s nominee, won the election despite receiving only 40% of the popular vote. The rest, as they say, is history.

  Located about 80 miles west of Austin, Fredericksburg is an underrated Texas gem nestled in the heart of the Texas Hill Country. Famous for its German heritage, art galleries, rolling vineyards, and boutique shops, this small town is all about charm and sophistication. It offers everything from scenic hikes to history museums, making it an attractive destination for those seeking an alternative to Austin’s fast-paced lifestyle. While the latter may be known for its live music and nightlife, Fredericksburg captivates visitors with its historic architecture, serene atmosphere, and vibrant wine culture.   The Rich History of Fredericksburg Rivals the Big City Vibe of Austin Sunday house in the Pioneer Museum, Fredericksburg, Texas. Source: Wikimedia Commons   While Austin has its contemporary cultural hotspots, Fredericksburg offers an entirely different historical narrative. This small Texas town was founded in 1846 by German immigrants and has preserved its old-world charm through well-maintained historical landmarks and museums. For instance, the Pioneer Museum takes visitors on a journey back to the 19th century with a collection of preserved buildings like a one-room schoolhouse, a Sunday House, and even a Blacksmith shop.   The most notable historical attraction in Fredericksburg is perhaps the National Museum of the Pacific War. This is a 55,000-square-foot museum that tells stories of the Pacific Theater of World War II. The museum commemorates the legacy of Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and the U.S. military’s efforts during World War II. When visiting the National Museum of the Pacific War, you can explore interactive exhibits, the Pacific Combat Zone, and the peaceful Japanese Garden of Peace. The latter serves as a tribute to the friendship between Nimitz and Japanese Admiral Togo.   When it comes to Austin, its modern history is mostly focused on its music scene and tech industry. If you head instead to Fredericksburg, you’ll have the chance to see and learn more about German culture and American military history. You wouldn’t usually see these in the capital city.   The Town Is Famous for its Authentic German Heritage Old buildings on Main Street Fredericksburg, Texas. Source: Picryl   The authentic German roots of Fredericksburg give this Texan small town a unique European flair that sets it apart from the rest of the Lone Star State. For instance, the Main Street of Fredericksburg is lined with classic German architecture, specialty shops, and local restaurants. The latter serve traditional fare like schnitzel, bratwurst, and sauerbraten. Popular spots you have to visit in town for a traditional culinary experience include the fine dining establishment Otto’s German Bistro and the iconic Old German Bakery & Restaurant, known for its hearty breakfasts and German pancakes.   If you want to get a taste of Fredericksburg’s German heritage during a celebration, then you’ve got to attend the annual Oktoberfest. It’s a lively festival featuring dancing, polka music, traditional German food, and, of course, lots of beer. The three-day celebration attracts thousands of visitors each fall. It is one of the town’s signature celebrations.   Global cuisines and modern eateries are a thing in Austin. But Fredericksburg will provide you with a more focused cultural experience that celebrates its German roots. Hence, if you want a taste of Europe in the Lone Star State, then Fredericksburg should be next on your list.   Monthly Art Walks and Iconic Local Galleries in Fredericksburg National Museum of the Pacific War, Fredericksburg, Texas. Source: Flickr   Let’s admit it: Fredericksburg does not have the same reputation as Austin when it comes to its arts scene. Still, the small historic town in Texas offers a vibrant cultural experience in its own right. For example, Fredericksburg is home to plenty of top-tier galleries. These include the Insight Gallery and the Charles Beckendorf Gallery. Both of these showcase a diverse range of regional and local artwork.   One of the biggest draws of Fredericksburg is the First Friday Art Walk. This is a monthly event where visitors can meet artists, enjoy local wine tastings, and watch live demos at multiple galleries along Main Street.   If you’re a film enthusiast, then the Hill Country Film Festival is an annual highlight. It features screenings, panel discussions, and events in a more intimate setting compared to larger city festivals.   If you’re looking for something different than the high-energy arts district that Austin is known for, then you should consider Fredericksburg. For instance, the art scene in this town is much quieter and provides you with a more personal experience. The focus is more on local talent, and there are much fewer crowds when compared to Austin. This makes Fredericksburg the perfect spot for art lovers who want to explore unique Texas-inspired art while engaging directly with local artists.   Fredericksburg Is a Wine Lover’s Paradise Becker vineyard lavender field in Fredericksburg, Texas. Source: Flickr   The town has rightfully earned its reputation as the “Napa Valley of Texas” with its thriving wine industry. Fredericksburg is home to over 50 wineries and tasting rooms. Many of these are nestled along the famed Wine Road 290. Some of the standout options include Grape Creek Vineyards, known for its award-winning reds, and Signor Vineyards, offering picturesque French-style tasting rooms.   You might enjoy visiting Rhinory, where you can sample South African-inspired wines while observing a real-life rhinoceros named Blake. This will allow you to combine wildlife conservation and winemaking, which is somehow a one-of-a-kind experience.   If you’re looking to make the most of your wine exploration, book a seat on the 290 Wine Shuttle. The latter provides safe, convenient transportation between some of the most renowned vineyards in the region.   In Austin, you’ll enjoy breweries and craft beer. The culture of these thrives in the city. However, Austin lacks the immersive vineyard experience that you will find in Fredericksburg. So, if you’re a wine enthusiast and you’re looking for a more refined, scenic environment, then the sprawling vineyards of Fredericksburg are the answer. Go to this iconic Texan town and enjoy a peaceful day of tastings without the crowds and Austin’s fast pace.   Texas’ Fredericksburg Is an Outdoor Enthusiast’s Dream Wildseed Farms in Fredericksburg, Texas. Source: Flickr   Anyone seeking an outdoor adventure will definitely appreciate Fredericksburg’s natural beauty. The Enchanted Rock State Park is the highlight of the town, and it’s located just 17 miles north of Fredericksburg. It consists of a massive pink granite dome that provides panoramic views of the Hill Country. It’s a popular destination for rock climbing, stargazing, and hiking.   The Wildseed Farms, the largest working wildflower farm in the United States, is another must-see. Here, you can stroll through 200 acres of blooming flowers, snap some unforgettable shots, and shop for locally made products.   If you’re looking for even more outdoor activities, the nearby Pedernales Falls State Park offers you serene hiking trails along the Pedernales River. It’s a peaceful retreat just a short drive from Fredericksburg.   It’s true that Austin is famous for its popular parks and trails. No one’s denying that. However, the natural attractions of Fredericksburg are actually more expansive and less crowded. Thus, they provide a quiet and scenic experience that connects visitors to the unique beauty of Texas Hill Country.   Fredericksburg’s Seasonal Festivities and Holiday Traditions Trail of Lights in Austin, Texas. Source: Wikimedia Commons   You don’t want to miss Fredericksburg during the holiday season. This is when the town transforms into a festive wonderland filled with events and traditions that embody its German heritage. One standout is the Fredericksburg Christmas Pyramid. The latter is a 26-foot-tall wooden structure that was imported from Germany. It symbolizes Fredericksburg’s commitment to preserving its roots.   There’s also Kinderfest, where children leave their shoes out for Santa to fill with traditional German treats. As for the Holiday Wine Trail, it allows you to tour the best local wineries decorated for the season.   The town also hosts the annual Eisbahn. This is a volunteer-run-ice-skating rink that opens after Thanksgiving and runs through New Year’s. Families from all across Texas flock to the rink, with profits supporting local charities such as the Boys & Girls Club and the Lifeline Foundation.   All of these traditions combined together create a cozy, small-town atmosphere that is so different that it actually feels a world apart from the bustling holiday events in Austin.   The capital of Texas, Austin, on the other hand, hosts a lively array of holiday events, such as the Trail of Lights and the Armadillo Christmas Bazaar. But the holiday season in Fredericksburg offers a more intimate and culturally rich experience. The small-town community spirit and German traditions of Fredericksburg combined together provide a heartwarming alternative for those seeking a holiday experience that’s authentic, family-friendly, and less commercialized.   Though a Small Town, Fredericksburg Boasts Big-Town Entertainment Jam session in Luckenbach, Texas. Source: Picryl   Fredericksburg is small in size. However, if you’re a party lover, then this is the place to be for an exciting night. The town is famous for its dance halls, live music, and unique venues like Luckenbach, a ghost town turned honky-tonk just 14 miles away. Country music icons such as Willie Nelson were hosted at this legendary spot. Luckenbach continues to be a favorite for live music and dancing. Within Fredericksburg, you can also find popular bars such as the Altstadt Brewery and 78624 The Bar, which offer live music and local brews in a lively atmosphere.   Now, you probably already know that Austin is the “Live Music Capital of the World.” And that’s true. However, Texas’ capital’s high-energy venues can sometimes be overwhelming. This is why Fredericksburg might be a better fit for you, as its smaller, more intimate settings offer a different take on the music culture of Texas. So, if you enjoy live performances in a more laid-back, welcoming environment, you know now where to go in Texas.

  Early in the American Civil War, having the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia so close to the Union capital of Washington DC made a quick seizure of Richmond a popular goal of the Lincoln administration. The Union wanted to seize Richmond and end the war, and the Confederates needed to defend it. The Seven Days Battle was a large showdown that would show whose will and skill would carry the city.   Victory Goes to the Confederacy Confederate infantry attacking during the Seven Days Battles in the summer of 1862. Source: American Battlefield Trust   Despite the presence of almost 120,000 Union soldiers in the area, the end result of seven days of brutal fighting was that the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia was secure. A new Confederate general, Robert E. Lee, had taken command of the Army of Northern Virginia after the death of his predecessor, Joseph E. Johnston. The South needed to engage in skillful tactics and strategy to overcome a much larger opponent, which was focused on seizing Richmond and ending the Civil War swiftly. Lee’s task was to push the Union army under General George McClellan back from Virginia and give the Confederacy some much-needed breathing room.   Despite starting his offensive poorly and losing far more men than the Union, Lee continued his multi-pronged attack and achieved results. Over several days of fighting, the Confederates successfully pushed back McClellan’s army, though suffering greater casualties. Although the Union won the last individual battle at Malvern Hill, it was clear that seizing Richmond was impossible. By July 1, 1862, McClellan knew he needed to retreat and regroup, leading his army back home the next day. The Confederate capital was secure, and a long and bloody Civil War awaited.   Timeline of the Seven Days Battles A map drawn in 1885 showing the positions of Confederate (solid) and Union (striped) forces in the final battle of the Seven Days Battles in summer 1862. Source: American Battlefield Trust   In June 1862, Union General George McClellan was on the offensive in the Peninsula Campaign, hoping to seize Richmond, Virginia and end the war. The Confederate general-in-chief, Joseph E. Johnston, was wounded during the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31 and relieved of his command.   Johnston’s replacement, Robert E. Lee, decided to go on the offensive rather than prepare for a siege of Richmond. In late June, both Lee and McClellan prepared for battle, with Lee having the upper hand in intelligence-gathering thanks to fast-moving Confederate cavalry under J.E.B. Stuart.   On June 25, McClellan attacked first, clearing out some Confederate units in the area to install siege guns to target Richmond.   After maneuvering on the 26th, fighting resumed on the 27th, with the Confederates making some gains but suffering heavy casualties.   On June 28, McClellan retreated, with Lee in pursuit through the 29th.   On June 30, the Union turned the tide at the Battle of Malvern Hill and settled into a strong position.   Confederate attacks on July 1 failed to break through, but McClellan chose to retreat that night, ending the Seven Days Battles as a Confederate victory.   What Caused the Seven Days Battles? A map showing the geographic closeness of the Union (Washington DC) and Confederate (Richmond, Virginia) capital cities during the American Civil War. Source: Virginia Humanities   Having the Confederate capital less than one hundred miles from the Union capital made its seizure a tantalizing goal. General George McClellan engaged in the Peninsula Campaign to approach Richmond from the southeast by moving up the Virginia Peninsula from the Atlantic coast. McClellan thought this route would be more successful, as the Confederates would know to heavily reinforce the side of Richmond facing Washington DC. The Union also benefited from controlling Fort Monroe on the Virginia Peninsula, a massive installation and the only one not to fall to the Confederacy after the Battle of Fort Sumter. Thus, McClellan could build up a large force with ease and then march it across the peninsula toward Richmond.   However, McClellan’s march was delayed by terrible weather and unexpectedly strong Confederate defensive lines. This delay gave enough time for Confederate armies to arrive from North Carolina, leading to small battles that the Union largely won. Despite the Union victories, progress toward Richmond was slow, and McClellan’s forces only approached the outskirts of the city at the end of May. On June 1, newcomer Robert E. Lee took command of the Confederate forces and planned to attack, wagering that McClellan was planning for a lengthy siege of Richmond and not anticipating a counterattack.   Why Were the Seven Days Battles Significant? A photograph of the Virginia state capitol building, which also served as the Confederate capitol building during that country’s brief existence. Source: Virginia Humanities   The Seven Days Battles were significant in that they saved Richmond from being captured by the Union, prolonging the Civil War and giving the Confederacy a narrow window of opportunity to gain political and economic support from European powers. Domestically, the victories were a tremendous morale booster for the South, which had been suffering defeats in the Western Theater, such as the Battle of Shiloh. Conversely, the Union was shocked by its defeats, as McClellan’s Army of the Potomac had been on the verge of taking Richmond.   Additionally, the Seven Days Battles began the illustrious career of Robert E. Lee, who had previously been working on coastal defenses. Now a prominent field commander, Lee would become known as one of the most successful generals of the Civil War. Following his victories in the Seven Days Battles, Lee would continue his offensives until the Battle of Antietam, when he unsuccessfully invaded Maryland in hopes of spooking the North into armistice negotiations. Without his victories in the Seven Days Battles, Lee likely would not have been such a formidable force during the conflict.   5 Facts About the Seven Days Battles A map showing Confederate defenses built around the capital city of Richmond, Virginia during the American Civil War. Source: Library of Congress   1. Casualties Casualties during the week of fighting were unprecedented, totaling some 20,000 Confederate casualties versus roughly 16,000 Union casualties. The most intense battle of the week was the Battle of Gaines’ Mill, which caused a combined 15,000 casualties. The sheer volume of wounded soldiers overran hospitals in nearby Richmond, shocking the public.   2. Commanders Union forces were led by General George B. McClellan, a West Point graduate and Army engineer who served in the Mexican-American War and later worked for the railroads. When war broke out in 1861, McClellan volunteered to return to service and was commissioned as a major general. Briefly, McClellan was named general-in-chief of all Union armies but lost this title to focus on his Peninsula Campaign with the Army of the Potomac. After failing to pursue Lee following the Battle of Antietam, McClellan was replaced as commander of the Army of the Potomac but later returned to prominence as governor of New Jersey in 1878.   Confederate forces were led by General Robert E. Lee, who was named commander of the Army of Northern Virginia on June 1, 1862. Like McClellan, Lee was a West Point graduate and veteran of the Mexican-American War. After the Seven Days Battles, Lee began a streak of military victories that elevated him to legendary status among Confederates. In April 1865, Lee ultimately surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox, hastening the end of the Civil War.   3. Number of Forces Involved A map of the Seven Days Battles that occurred during the summer of 1862 near Richmond, Virginia. Source: Defense Visual Information Distribution Service (DVIDS)   Under McClellan, the Union had roughly 120,000 men engaged in the Peninsula Campaign. A similar number of troops were available for the Confederacy. At the peak of fighting during the Seven Days Battle, about 95,000 men were engaged in combat. At the time, this was by far the largest engagement in the American Civil War to date.   4. Visiting Sites of the Seven Days Battles Today Today, visitors can visit many of the sites of the Seven Days Battles, many of which are part of the Richmond National Battlefield Park. Visitors can stay in the city of Richmond and drive out to many battle locations, including Gaines’ Mill and Malvern Hill. Both sites have walking trails with historic signposts, and the Malvern Hill site also has an available audio podcast.   5. Trivia: Lee’s First Battlefield Victory Comes at Gaines’ Mill During the Seven Days Battles, Confederate General Robert E. Lee achieved his first battlefield victory on June 27, 1862 during the Battle of Gaines’ Mill. With almost 60,000 men, Lee outnumbered his Union foes and overran them with a large frontal attack. This contrasts with Lee’s better-known victories, where he defeated larger Union armies and was praised for unique and daring strategies.   Aftermath of the Seven Days Battles: A Political Time Bomb for McClellan A political cartoon criticizing 1864 Democratic presidential nominee George McClellan for his wartime leadership in the Peninsula Campaign. Source: Library of Congress   The defeat of McClellan during the Seven Days Battles would come back to haunt him in 1864 when he ran as the Democratic presidential nominee against Republican incumbent Abraham Lincoln. Despite his background as a general, McClellan was in the awkward position of riding the anti-war platform of the Democratic Party, which wanted to negotiate peace with the Confederacy. As a candidate, McClellan faced criticism over his wartime record, being considered ineffective as a general by many Northerners.   Ultimately, McClellan and the Democratic Party were easily defeated by Lincoln in November 1864. Although Lincoln may have been on somewhat shaky political ground going into 1864, the rapid accumulation of Union military victories that summer and autumn shored up the president’s popularity, especially the Battle of Atlanta. Seizing the major Confederate city was a public relations boon for Lincoln’s administration and effectively sank the anti-war Democratic platform.